Purpose Chronic scapholunate interosseous ligament injuries contribute significantly to wrist instability. Surgical management remains challenging, with tendon graft-based reconstruction and dorsal capsulodesis being the most common techniques. This systematic review aimed to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of capsulodesis-based versus tendon graft techniques for chronic scapholunate ligament injuries. Methods This systematic review was conducted per Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library identified eligible comparative studies. Studies comparing tendon graft techniques and dorsal capsulodesis for chronic scapholunate interosseous ligament injuries in adults were included. The Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool was used for quality assessment. Because of data heterogeneity and lack of consistent quantitative metrics (eg, means and standard deviations), a narrative synthesis of results was performed. Results Across six included studies encompassing 298 patients, tendon graft and tenodesis techniques demonstrated variable postoperative outcomes. Notable heterogeneity existed within the tendon graft/tenodesis category itself: modified Brunelli tenodesis outperformed the four-bone weave in pain relief (visual analog scale reduction 4.8 cm vs 3.2 cm), grip strength, range of motion (ROM) preservation (86% vs 60%), and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score improvement (31.5 vs 14.2 points). Scapholunate intercarpal ligament similarly outperformed three-ligament tenodesis across grip strength, ROM (113° vs 82°), and patient-reported outcomes. Dorsal capsulodesis provided consistent pain relief, adequate ROM preservation, and lower surgical failure rates in most series, with no statistically significant differences in patient-reported outcome measures compared to tenodesis groups. Radiographic deterioration was observed across all surgical techniques over long-term follow-up without consistent correlation with clinical symptoms. Overall certainty of evidence was very low per Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) assessment. Conclusions Neither tendon graft nor capsulodesis techniques demonstrated consistent superiority; outcome differences were more pronounced within technique subcategories than between groups, highlighting the need for standardized, high-quality prospective trials. Clinical relevance Tendon graft reconstruction and dorsal capsulodesis show comparable outcomes for chronic scapholunate ligament injury. Surgical choice should be individualized based on patient factors, injury characteristics, and surgeon expertise. Given the very low certainty of current evidence, standardized outcome reporting and further high-quality prospective studies are needed.
This paper proposes an adaptive Overcurrent (OC) relay protection scheme that combines load forecasting and clustering-based operating state identification to dynamically adjust relay settings. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model predicts feeder current, allowing the system to proactively select appropriate relay setting groups for different load conditions. The method is validated on the IEEE 33-bus distribution network. Results show that the forecasting model achieves an Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 2.94 %, while the relay settings derived from predicted loads closely match those obtained from actual data. The difference in operating time is negligible between forecast-based and actual coordination and a safety protection mechanism is employed to deal with the forecast or classification errors by switching to a safe backup protection group. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in maintaining reliable protection performance under changing operating conditions through SCADA, and are activated using IEC 61,850 protocols and GOOSE-based group switching mechanisms. The time-domain analysis shows a worst-case timing deviation below 41 ms, well within the 300 ms Coordination Time Interval (CTI) requirement.
In order to coordinate EVs along with renewable energy, it is necessary to have accurate forecasting, adaptive control, and a secure energy exchange. The hybrid framework that integrates Transformer forecasting with multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) suggested in this paper appears to highly suitable for the intended application. In fact, the Transformer encoder is the one responsible for the accurate predictions of EV load and renewable generation, while MARL policies give the required decentralization and dynamic coordination. Blockchain acts as a safety net for the transactions and a sign of trustworthiness for the prosumers, with IoT-level compression playing the role of latency eliminator in densely packed EV networks. Testing results show that predictive reliability is 96.9%, balancing is 32.7%, efficiency is 26.4%, and latency is 24 ms. Based on the comparison with ML baselines, the framework is 6.8% more accurate, 7.5% more balancing is achieved, 5.9% of the cost optimization is improved, and therefore, the EV-renewable integration is not only scalable but also resilient.
Modeling of novel materials in response to overcome the energy crises in the form of clean and recyclable resources is the requirement of the technological era. We utilized Density Functional Theory (DFT) based simulations in order to model monolayers OMoGeN2 and OWGeN2 and their optimized structural parameters were calculated. The stability of each material was confirmed from their per atom cohesive energies. The dynamical stabilities for the under-study materials were confirmed through phonon spectra having no soft modes and for thermal stability. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) computations were also performed at 300, 600 and 900 K. The electronic properties were investigated by computing their band structures and density of states. Indirect band gap semiconducting nature is observed in both monolayers, where the transition metals are dominant in contribution to the valence and conduction bands. Strain induced variation in band gap values with unaltered band nature is observed and the band gap range spans from 0.05 eV to 1.97 eV. For optoelectronic applications, real and imaginary part of the dielectric function are computed in free strain and strained environment. The absorption coefficient, refractive index, and extinction coefficient are also computed using the complex dielectric function. Boltzmann's transport theory is used to compute the power factor and ZT to quantify the thermoelectric efficiency of these layers. Transport calculations for the two compounds show dependence on strain; OMoGeN2 and OWGeN2 possess highly tunable thermoelectric properties with values of (ZT) approaching unity in the large range of chemical potentials.
