Bundelkhand University is a State university based in Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Founded in 1975, it has professional, technical and vocational study programmes along with facilities for research.
The demand for compact, low-power systems-on-chip (SoCs) in healthcare devices has increased significantly, driven by the need for efficient human-machine interaction and longer battery life. One of the main challenges in these embedded systems is reducing power consumption without compromising performance. In this work, we propose a hybrid 1-bit GDI full adder (FA) circuit designed for energy efficiency and low power, which can be embedded to enhance the performance of healthcare and wearable devices. The circuit was simulated using Siemens EDA tools at a 0.13 & micro;m technology node. For comparative analysis, the performance metrics were used to compare the results with those of the existing adder circuit. The results demonstrate that the proposed design significantly reduces power dissipation, making it suitable for compact healthcare applications.
The fabrication of sustainable packaging films based on chitosan/starch (CTS/Starch) blends, reinforced with Chitosan Nanoparticles (CNPs), was achieved via the casting blend technique. This research explored the impact of varying CNPs loading on critical physicochemical properties, including water vapor permeation (WVP), thermal stability, and mechanical strength. To elucidate the structural and chemical complexities of the blend films, surface morphology was investigated via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), internal architecture was visualized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and molecular interactions were probed through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The reduction in WVP from 6.18 ± 0.54 to 5.38 ± 0.93 g.m-1.s-1.pa-1, equilibrium moisture content (EMC) from 16.52 ± 1.03% to 12.5 ± 1.05%, and water absorbency (WA) from 340 ± 1.63% to 88.65 ± 1.12% in CTS/Starch blend films demonstrated loaded with (0-8 wt%) CNPs loading. Concurrently, films with 2-8 wt% CNP loading exhibited an increase in opacity from 2.38 ± 1.01 mm-1 to 4.83 ± 0.83 mm-1, accompanied by a decrease in transmittance from 89.20 ± 0.50% to 79.70 ± 1.20%. These findings collectively indicated that the CNP-incorporated chitosan/starch composites offer enhanced ultraviolet light shielding and improved water barrier capabilities compared to the non-reinforced chitosan/starch films, underscoring their promising utility in food and pharmaceutical packaging applications.
We present an integrated study combining field observations, petrography, mineral chemistry, whole-rock geochemistry, of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorites (TTGs), sanukitoids, high-K granitoids and U-Pb geochronology of a high-K granitoid from the Madawara domain, Southern Bundelkhand Craton. Zircon of a high-K granitoid yields a U-Pb emplacement age of 2.47 Ga, marking the terminal phase of Archean magmatism as well as crustal stabilization in the craton. The TTGs exhibit adakitic signatures with low to moderate Sr/Y (8-88) and (La/Yb)CN (15-30) consistent with garnet-amphibolite melting, while negative Eu anomalies suggest plagioclase fractionation or residual source effects. This study provides the first account of sanukitoids from the southern Bundelkhand Craton, revealing their limited occurrence and highlighting their association with shear zones and granite-greenstone sequences in the Madawara domain. The low-Ti sanukitoids (TiO2 = 0.59-0.63 wt%) display a hybrid mantle-crustal affinity, with elevated Mg# (60-66), Ba+Sr (1198-1261), Cr-Ni-V concentrations, indicative of metasomatized mantle sources. The results support a model of TTG melt-peridotite interaction followed by shallow-level homogenization. Their sporadic distribution suggests formation in a microplate tectonic regime with warm, shallow subduction. The high-K granitoids (SiO2 = 72-75 wt%) are characterized by low Mg# (16-31), Sr (9-123 ppm) with pronounced negative Eu and Ti anomalies, indicating a purely crustal origin. They also display enriched light rare earth elements, sharp negative Eu anomalies, and relatively flat heavy rare earth elements patterns, consistent with A-type granite characteristics. Our findings bridge the compositional gap between TTGs and high-K granites, documenting the transition from primitive Archean geodynamics to modern-style plate interactions. This study advances the petrogenetic framework for late-Archean granitoids, offering new insights into crust-mantle processes during craton stabilization.
To develop and evaluate a novel chitosan-coated submicron emulsion (SubE) incorporating a ciprofloxacin-potassium sorbate (CIF-PoS) ionic complex for improved ocular drug delivery, addressing limitations of conventional eye drops such as poor corneal retention and bioavailability. The CIF-PoS complex was prepared via ion-pairing at optimized molar ratios and pH, characterized by ¹H NMR. SubEs were formulated using high-energy emulsification with egg lecithin, Pluronic F-68®, and chitosan. Physicochemical properties (droplet size, zeta potential, viscosity, encapsulation efficiency) were assessed. In vitro release was studied via dialysis. Ex vivo antimicrobial efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms was evaluated using MIC/MBC assays. In vivo corneal retention was examined in Wistar rats using fluorescence microscopy and HPLC-MS for pharmacokinetics. Stability was tested per ICH guidelines. The optimized SubE-CN-CIF-PoS exhibited a droplet size of 227.1 ± 5.6 nm and a polydispersity index (PdI) of 0.24 ± 0.03, + 33.2 mV zeta potential, 91.43
Laser surface texturing has emerged as an effective approach to enhance tool-workpiece interactions and improve machining performance. In the present work, a combined experimental and optimisation framework is aimed at assessing the energy-efficient machining of AISI H13 steel using Nd: YAG laser surface-textured cemented carbide tools under various conditions. Turning experiments were conducted on a semi-automatic lathe, and the machining responses were recorded using a dynamometer setup. The regression models were formulated from the conducted experiments and used as surrogate objective functions for optimisation. The Archimedes Optimisation Algorithm (AOA) was considered for single-objective optimisation to find optimal machining conditions for minimum cutting force, minimum coefficient of friction, and maximum material removal rate. To explore the trade-offs associated with conflicting objectives, Pareto optimisation was employed using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), yielding a Pareto front and a balanced (kneepoint) solution. The AOA-based balanced solution was obtained at cutting speed (CS) = 75 m/min, feed rate (FR) = 0.20 mm/rev, and depth of cut (DC) = 0.42 mm, yielding cutting force (Fz) = 149.9 N, coefficient of friction (CoF) = 0.320, and material removal rate (MRR) = 0.404 kg/s. In comparison, the NSGA-II knee-point solution at CS = 72 m/min, FR = 0.15 mm/rev, and DC = 0.41 mm resulted in Fz = 123.66 N, CoF = 0.3515, and MRR = 0.3149 kg/s, providing more balanced and stable machining conditions. The quantitative comparison revealed that the NSGA-II provided better optimal solutions, resulting in a 17.5% reduction in cutting force, 2.5% reduction in Specific Consumption Energy (SCE) compared to the AOA-balanced solution, with a balanced increase in friction and a meticulous reduction in material removal rate, thereby representing improved process stability and energy efficiency. The findings are directly related to industrial machining of AISI H13 steel used in die and mould manufacturing, where improved energy efficiency and process stability are critical.
