Jaipur National University

Cancer continues to pose a global health challenge, with conventional therapies often limited by non-specific toxicity, drug resistance, and an inadequate therapeutic index. Nanotechnology offers transformative opportunities by enabling targeted drug delivery, improved pharmacokinetics, and integrated diagnostic-therapeutic platforms (termed nanotheranostics). This review highlights key nanocarrier systems including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, inorganic nanostructures, carbon-based materials, extracellular vesicles, and hybrid platforms with a focus on human studies and clinical translation. Design strategies (such as passive and active tumor targeting, biomimicry, and stimuli-responsive release mechanisms) are discussed in the context of improving tumor selectivity and minimizing systemic toxicity. Recent innovations, including AI-supported nanomedicine design, smart nanorobots, and cell-mediated delivery systems, are also examined. Although multiple nano-formulations such as Doxil®, Abraxane®, and Vyxeos® have reached clinical use, challenges remain including large-scale manufacturing, regulatory pathways, long-term safety evaluation, and cost-effective global accessibility. This review provides a critical appraisal of current evidence, translational bottlenecks, and emerging opportunities to guide future nanomedicine development. Nanotechnology is poised to become a cornerstone of precision oncology, enabling personalized, safe, and effective cancer treatment paradigms.

The search for lead-free, stable, and high-performance perovskite materials for photovoltaic applications has motivated extensive research into novel compositions. Here, we present a comprehensive first-principles study of gold-based halide perovskites AuGeX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) with the APFD/LanL08 approach. Structural analysis confirms the thermodynamic stability and experimental viability of these materials in the cubic perovskite phase, with Goldschmidt tolerance factors (0.92-0.96) and negative formation energies supporting their feasibility. A key finding is the systematic tunability of electronic properties through halide substitution: the HOMO-LUMO energy gap decreases progressively from 1.60 eV (Cl) to 1.18 eV (I), positioning AuGeI3 within the optimal range (1.1-1.4 eV) defined by the Shockley-Queisser (S-Q) limit for single-junction solar cells. Based on the S-Q detailed balance model, the theoretical maximum efficiency for an ideal AuGeI3 absorber is approximately 32.2%, representing a fundamental upper bound under perfect conditions, with actual device performance expected to be lower due to practical loss mechanisms. Quantum chemical descriptors reveal that the iodide variant exhibits enhanced chemical softness and charge transfer capacity, favorable for photovoltaic operation. Optically, AuGeI3 demonstrates outstanding properties, including a high dielectric constant (epsilon up to 11.2) and refractive index (n up to 4.4), promoting effective charge screening and strong light-matter interaction. TD-DFT simulations further confirm robust absorption across the visible to near-infrared regions with high oscillator strength (f = 0.10). Thermal analysis indicates sufficient stability and structural adaptability for device applications. Collectively, these combined attributes, optimal band gap, superior optical response, and thermal resilience, establish AuGeX3 perovskites, particularly AuGeI3, as highly promising lead-free candidates for next-generation optoelectronics. We emphasize that experimental validation through synthesis and characterization is now essential to confirm these computational predictions and translate them into practical devices.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T cell) therapy is a promising cancer treatment that has shown success in treating certain type of cancer. It has demonstrated remarkable efficacy, particularly in hematologic malignancies such as certain types of leukemia and lymphomas, offering hope for patients with limited options. In this review the authors highlighted the importance of CAR-T cell therapy in oncology, history, recent innovations in CAR-T cell engineering and development, mechanism of action, toxic effects, clinical trials and ongoing research on CAR-T cell therapy. Barriers to effective CAR-T cell therapy includes antigen escape, tumor heterogeneity, microenvironment of the tumor, On target, Off tumor toxicity, modest anti-tumor activity and limited tumor infiltration. In this review we discussed global regulations of CAR-T cell therapies, challenges of harmonized regulations, FDA approved CAR-T cell therapies, clinical applications, clinical trials and research and future prospects of CAR-T cell therapy.

Cloud infrastructure development has created new security problems which demand real-time detection systems to fight complex cyber threats. The given manuscript introduces an Adaptive Cloud Security Risk Assessment Framework (ACSRF) which uses Pattern-Aware Countermeasure Optimization through a four-layered system namely (i) Attack Pattern Identification Layer that uses deep learning and graph-based anomaly detection to predict advanced attack methods, (ii) Countermeasure Generation Layer that generates real-time defense strategies through reinforcement learning (RL) with adversarial simulation (iii) Ontology Design Layer that selects optimal countermeasures by merging trust-weighted policy evaluation with multi-criteria decision-making (MCDCM) and (iv) System Optimization and Validation Layer that implements federated learning and Bayesian optimization (BO) for real-time policy optimization based on performance requirements. The proposed framework demonstrates superior performance than traditional rule-based and static defense systems through its ability to detect attacks with 3.7 times better accuracy and respond 2.8 times faster while delivering enhanced adaptive countermeasure effectiveness without affecting cloud system performance.

The halide double perovskite (HDP) Cs2AgSbBr6 is studied using WIEN2k simulation code based on DFT with LSDA for its structural, optoelectronic, and thermoelectric properties. A lattice constant of 10.955 & Aring; is derived from the optimized structure, and the bulk modulus (33.887 GPa) indicates moderate mechanical stability. The electronic band structure shows an indirect bandgap (L-X) of 1.567 eV, which is in good agreement with available experimental data, thus verifying the calculation methods and their use in optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices. The optical analysis corresponds to a reflectivity R(0) = 11.67%, refractive index n(0) = 2.037, and static dielectric constant epsilon 1(0) = 4.151. Further, the TE figure of merit approaches similar to 1 (upper limit) at 300 K and slightly decreases as temperature increases, indicating relatively good TE performance compared to similar lead-free double perovskites at lower temperatures. These results show that Cs2AgSbBr6 is a promising lead-free multifunctional energy system.