The University of Lucknow (informally known as Lucknow University, and LU) is a public state university based in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Founded in 1867, the University of Lucknow is one of the oldest government owned institutions of higher education in India. LU's main campus is located at Badshah Bagh, University Road area of the city with a second campus at Jankipuram.LU is a teaching, residential and affiliating university, organized into more than 500 colleges and 17 institutes, located throughout the city and other surrounding areas, covering 4 districts: Raebareli, Hardoi, Sitapur and Lakhimpur Kheri.
The expansion of decentralized solar photovoltaic (PV) systems has become central to India's rural electrification and clean energy transition. However, in forest-fringe rural regions, solar adoption often occurs under conditions of livelihood insecurity, limited formal credit access, delayed subsidy support, and continued dependence on forest-based income. This paper conceptualizes the Clean Energy–Forest Degradation Paradox in the Indian context by examining how clean energy adoption may remain embedded within forest-dependent livelihood systems. Unlike generic accounts of renewable energy transition, the study highlights how the Indian manifestation of this paradox is institutionally and economically mediated through Forest Rights Act (FRA)-linked forest governance, non-timber forest product (NTFP)-based cash economies, and subsidy-driven but credit-constrained solar adoption pathways. Using a conceptual and theory-building approach, the paper synthesizes literature on rural solar PV adoption, sustainable livelihoods, forest dependence, energy stacking, and socio-ecological systems. Building on this synthesis, it proposes the Rural Energy–Environment–Livelihood Integration Model (REELIM–India), which integrates three subsystems: energy access, livelihood financing, and ecological–environmental outcomes. The framework proposes that solar PV adoption may reduce kerosene dependence and improve household welfare without necessarily eliminating biomass use, forest-based income dependence, or extractive livelihood practices. Under conditions of weak financing and livelihood vulnerability, forest-derived income may contribute to the purchase, repayment, maintenance, or replacement of solar systems, while continued forest-resource dependence may contribute to localized ecological degradation. The study contributes to energy justice and sustainability-transition literature by integrating technology adoption, livelihood financing, and socio-ecological feedbacks within an India-specific framework. It highlights the need for forest-sensitive clean-energy financing, livelihood diversification, and integrated energy–forest governance to support rural energy transitions that are both socially inclusive and ecologically sustainable.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder initiated by insulin resistance, leading to compensatory hyperinsulinemia, beta-cell exhaustion, and chronic hyperglycemia. It is a major global health burden associated with macrovascular and microvascular complications. Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), Antioxidant pathway, inflammation, and vitamin D signaling interact in a self-perpetuating metabolic loop driving disease progression. Hepatic insulin resistance plays a central role, while glucotoxic pathways distinguish T2DM from obesity. This review aims to examine the molecular cross-talk among the RAS, antioxidant pathway, inflammation, and vitamin D signaling pathways in T2DM pathogenesis. It seeks to clarify how their interactions drive insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, and complications, thereby supporting the development of more precise, mechanism-based therapeutic strategies. The RAS plays a central role in T2DM through overactivation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin II/angiotensin II receptor type 1 (ACE/Ang II/AT1R) axis, promoting insulin resistance, beta-cell apoptosis, oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, and vascular damage, while the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis offers protective effects. Ang II-induced ROS production disrupts antioxidant defenses and accelerates glucotoxicity. Chronic low-grade inflammation, marked by increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) and reduced interleukin-10 (IL-10), further worsens metabolic dysfunction. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling counteracts these effects by suppressing renin, reducing Ang II activity, enhancing antioxidant enzymes, and modulating inflammation. The liver serves as a key site where these pathways converge. Therapeutic strategies-including ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), GLP-1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, antioxidants, and vitamin D-target these interconnected mechanisms, with responses influenced by disease stage and sex differences. T2DM develops through interconnected dysregulation of four key pathways: the RAS, OS-antioxidant imbalance, chronic inflammation, and vitamin D/VDR signaling. These pathways interact to promote insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, and vascular complications, driving progression from prediabetes to overt disease. Therapeutic strategies targeting these mechanisms-including RAS inhibitors, antioxidant-based interventions, metformin, and vitamin D supplementation-offer complementary benefits but have limitations and potential adverse effects. Treatment responses may vary by biological factors such as sex and disease stage, highlighting the need for well-designed clinical trials to enable precise, mechanism-based management.
The biogenic nanoparticles (BNPs) synthesis approach has emerged as the most sustainable and environmentally friendly option among the physical, chemical, and biological NPs synthesis methods. In diverse field applications such as agriculture, biomedicine, food and environmental sector, cosmetics, and energy sectors, biogenic nanoparticles (BNPs) contribute to resolving stress issues. In this review, we provide updated information on the biogenic synthesis of NPs and their application in resolving biotic stresses through direct or indirect approaches. Beyond merely summarizing recent developments, this review highlights the unique advantages of biogenic NPs over chemically or physically synthesized counterparts, particularly their eco-friendly fabrication, reduced toxicity, biodegradability, and enhanced biocompatibility with plant systems. We discuss how biogenic NPs target biotic stress–causing organisms through nano-pesticides, nano-insecticides, nano-herbicides, and related nano-enabled interventions that interact directly with pathogen or pest infection sites. Plant growth, upliftment, and tolerance development are indirect ways to overcome biotic stresses. Furthermore, this review study covers a broader view of the possible toxicological concerns of BNPs in agronomic activities.
The current study aimed to assess the impacts of sub-acute (7 days) and (14 days) exposure to Fipronil on the freshwater food fish Channa striata. The experimental design included three groups (in triplicate), each comprising 15 fish: Group I (control), Group II (1/20th of the 96 h LC50 of Fipronil), and Group III (1/10th of the 96 h LC50 of Fipronil). Fipronil exposure resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), micronucleus (MN) frequency and poikilocytotic cells. A significant decline (p < 0.05) in RBC count, hemoglobin, PCV, and MCHC was observed, whereas WBC count, MCV, and MCH showed significant increases (p < 0.05) at higher Fipronil concentrations. After 14 days of exposure, group III exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in hepatic enzyme activities, with SGOT, SGPT, and ALP levels increasing by 1.27-, 2.34-, and 1.10-fold, respectively, with respect to the control. Concurrently, a significant (p < 0.05) rise in renal biomarkers was observed in the same group compared to the control, as evidenced by increased levels of uric acid (1.90-fold), urea (2.30-fold), and creatinine (2.90-fold), indicating pronouncedrenal dysfunction.Histopathological examinations further confirmed irreversible tissue impairment and structural abnormalities in various organs.A strong correlation was observed between ROS, MN (r = 0.91), cellular abnormalities (r = 0.59–0.99), blood indices (r = -0.67–0.75), and hepato-renal markers (0.11–0.99), revealing a coordinated toxic response.Importantly, the study integrates ROS, genotoxic, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological endpoints to elucidate the links underlying Fipronil toxicity in C. striata. Overall, these findings confirm that sub-acute Fipronil exposure compromises fish health, raising concerns for aquatic ecosystems.
Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning remains a severe environmental challenge that needs to be addressed. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional alkanolamines for CO2 capture applications due to their lower volatility and reduced corrosion potential. In this work, two tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB)-based systems were synthesized using different hydrogen bond donors: 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) at a 1:1 molar ratio and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) at a 1:2 molar ratio. FTIR spectroscopic analysis confirmed that TBAB-AMP (1:1) forms a true DES through hydrogen bonding interactions, whereas TBAB-PTSA (1:2) undergoes proton transfer to form an ionic salt. CO2 solubility measurements were conducted using the pressure drop method up to 15 bar at 30 degrees C. The TBAB-AMP system exhibited a CO2 uptake of 0.194 mol CO2/mol DES at 14.7 bar, approximately 2.5-fold higher than the TBAB-PTSA system, which achieved 0.079 mol/mol at 14.5 bar. Critical and thermophysical properties were estimated using the modified Lydersen-Joback-Reid, Lee-Kesler, and Haghbakhsh group-contribution methods. Viscosity measurements conducted from 30 to 50 degrees C revealed that TBAB-AMP exhibited significantly lower viscosity, ranging from 163 to 46 mPa & centerdot;s, compared to TBAB-PTSA, which showed viscosity values between 536 and 155 mPa & centerdot;s. The superior CO2 capture performance of the amine-functionalized DES was attributed to favorable hydrogen-bonding interactions, lower viscosity, which enabled better mass transfer, and enhanced chemical affinity toward CO2 through carbamate formation.
