Central University of Gujarat is a public central university in Gandhinagar, Gujarat offering courses at undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral levels.The university includes 16 schools, 14 academic departments, and 2 other special centres.
Cannabidivarin (CBDV) is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid that belongs to the varinic class of cannabinoids. It is structurally homologous to cannabidiol, through the presence of a shorter propyl side chain. Although present in small amounts in certain Cannabis varieties, CBDV has gained considerable research interest due to growing preclinical evidence supporting many therapeutic potentials. This review critically consolidates current knowledge on the plant source, biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, stability, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and current formulation strategies of CBDV. A literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, DrugBank, and PubChem. Clinical trial-related information was retrieved from ClinicalTrials.gov and the EU Clinical Trials Register. Patent literature was searched on WIPO Patentscope, USPTO, Espacenet, Google Patents, and Lens. Regulatory information were searched from the websites/databases of the USFDA, the Orange Book, the European Medicines Agency, the MHRA (United Kingdom), and the Health Canada Drug Product Database. Pharmaceutical development of CBDV is limited due to low oral bioavailability, high oxidative and photolytic sensitivity. CBDV modulates CB2 receptors, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRs), dopaminergic pathways, and the endocannabinoid system. Preclinical studies have demonstrated therapeutic relevance in epilepsy, autism, Rett syndrome, etc. Clinical studies indicate that CBDV is well-tolerated, but its efficacy remains limited due to poor systemic exposure and a lack of optimized formulation strategies. The available evidence positions CBDV as a pharmacologically promising cannabinoid that remains underexplored. Rational formulation design approaches, particularly nanotechnology-based delivery systems, have the potential to overcome biopharmaceutical and formulation limitations and facilitate translational development.
CuBi2O4 has been widely explored for dye degradation owing to its favorable visible-light responsiveness; however, its photocatalytic efficiency is strongly influenced by morphology, thereby limiting its broader applicability. In this study, mesoporous CuBi2O4 (CBO) nanocuboid rods were successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal route to investigate morphology-driven enhancement in photocatalytic performance toward Acid Orange 7 (AO7) degradation. The well-defined nanocuboid rod architecture provided improved structural stability and accessible surface-active sites. The CBO nanocuboid rods exhibited a crystallite size of 21 nm, a specific surface area of 2.151 m2/g, and a mesoporous structure with a pore size of 3 nm and a pore volume of 0.0077747 cm3/g. Under visible light irradiation, 0.01 g/L of CBO nanocuboid rods achieved 99.5
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) Reverse Transcriptase (RT) remained an epicentre of therapeutic target, yet the efficacy of current non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) is compromised by drug-induced liver toxicity. In this study, an integrated in silico approach combining similarity-based virtual screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamics, MM-PBSA, followed by molecular descriptor analysis, was employed to identify NNRTI scaffolds with improved safety and efficacy. The similarity-based virtual screening of ZINC and ChEMBL databases, followed by ADMET filtering, highlighted candidates with reduced predicted hepatotoxicity relative to FDA-approved NNRTIs. Among them, ZINC000066352010 exhibited a highly stable binding orientation within the NNRTI binding pocket, stabilized by hydrogen bonding with Lys101 and conserved hydrophobic contacts with Tyr181, Val179, and Trp229. Molecular Dynamics simulations provided compelling validation of this binding mode, as evidenced by the lowest ligand RMSD of 0.05 nm amongst the short-listed candidates, exhibited a persistent average number of hydrogen bonds of 1.95, and markedly reduced backbone fluctuations of RT relative to the apo-protein. These effects indicate enhanced conformational rigidity and long-term stability of the protein-ligand complex. The MM-PBSA provided quantitative thermodynamic support, with a binding energy of − 47.90 Kcal/mol, demonstrating stronger stabilization compared to the reference inhibitor (i.e., 9PJ). The enhanced affinity was driven predominantly by stable Van-der Waals interactions and minimized desolvation penalties. Frontier Molecular Orbital (FMO) and global reactivity descriptor analyses revealed an optimal HOMO-LUMO gap of 0.156 eV and an electrophilicity index of 0.14 eV, positioning it electronically within the window of FDA-approved NNRTIs, thereby indicating balanced reactivity and optimal electronic stability. Complementary electrostatic potential mapping highlighted well-defined reactive centres corroborative to the biomolecular target. Collectively, these findings positioned ZINC000066352010 as a promising NNRTI candidate with improved predicted safety and electronic stability parallel to an FDA-approved drug.
Supercapacitors (SCs) have emerged as a transformative energy storage technology bridging the gap between conventional capacitors and batteries by offering high power density, ultrafast charge-discharge rates, and long cycle life. The key to their performance lies in optimizing electrode materials, such as nanostructured carbons, transition metal oxides, transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal nitrides, conducting polymers, MXenes, covalent organic frameworks, metal-organic frameworks, transition metal phosphides, and composites. Recent advances highlight that hybrid and composite architectures can integrate the complementary advantages of individual components to achieve superior charge storage and ion transport. This review consolidates recent progress from 2021, providing updated insights into the design, synthesis, and electrochemical performance of electrode materials. It offers a comprehensive overview of their structural properties, charge storage mechanisms, and stability characteristics. Unlike earlier reviews, this one focuses on the latest breakthroughs and cross-material comparisons to identify unifying design principles and scalable strategies for high-energy, durable, and sustainable supercapacitors.
Nanoparticle size plays a crucial role in determining their uptake, mobility, and biological effects in plants. Precise control over particle size is thus essential for productive use in agriculture.
