The École normale supérieure - PSL (French pronunciation: [ekɔl nɔʁmal sypeʁjœʁ]; also known as ENS, Normale sup', Ulm or ENS Paris) is a grande école in Paris, France. It is one of the constituent members of Paris Sciences et Lettres University (PSL).Originally conceived during the French Revolution, the school was founded in 1794 to provide homogeneous training of high-school teachers in France but it later closed. The school was subsequently reestablished by Napoleon I as pensionnat normal from 1808 to 1822, before being recreated in 1826 and taking the name of École normale in 1830. When institutes for primary teachers training called écoles normales were created in 1845, the word supérieure (meaning upper) was added to form the current name. It has since developed into an institution which has become a platform for French students to pursue careers in government and academia.The ENS has a highly competitive selection process consisting of written and oral examinations. During their studies, many ENS students hold the status of paid civil servants.The ENS is a grande école and, as such, is not part of the mainstream university system. However, the vast majority of the academic staff hosted at ENS belong to external institutions such as one of the Parisian universities, the CNRS and the EHESS. This mechanism for constant scientific turnover allows ENS to benefit from a continuous stream of researchers in all fields. ENS full professorships are rare and competitive. Generalistic in its recruitment and organisation, the ENS is the only grande école in France to have departments of research in all the natural, social, and human sciences.Due to the selectivity of its entrance exam and its turnover among French researchers, it has a high proportion of prize laureates and therefore a very good reputation. The school has achieved particular recognition in the fields of mathematics and physics. Its alumni include 14 Nobel Prize laureates, of which 8 are in Physics (ENS has the highest proportion of Nobel laureates among its alumni of any institution worldwide), 12 Fields Medalists, more than half the recipients of the CNRS's Gold Medal (France's highest scientific prize) and several hundred members of the Institut de France, and scores of politicians and statesmen. The school has achieved particular recognition in the fields of mathematics and physics as one of France's foremost scientific training grounds, along with notability in the human sciences as the spiritual birthplace of authors such as Julien Gracq, Jean Giraudoux, Assia Djebar, and Charles Péguy, philosophers such as Henri Bergson, Jean-Paul Sartre, Louis Althusser, Simone Weil, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Alain Badiou, social scientists such as Émile Durkheim, Raymond Aron, and Pierre Bourdieu, and "French theorists" such as Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida. The school's students are often referred to as normaliens.Its model has been replicated elsewhere, in France (at the ENSes of Lyon, Paris-Saclay, and Rennes), in Italy (at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa), in Romania, in China and in former French colonies such as Morocco, Mali, Mauritania, and Cameroon..
In a previous escapade we gave a collection of continued fractions involving Catalan's constant. This paper provides more general formulae governing those continued fractions. Having distinguished different cases associated to regions in the plan, we nickname those continued fractions \enquote{The Balkans} as they divide into areas which are related but still different in nature. Because we do not provide formal proofs of those machine-constructed formulae we do not claim them to be theorems. Still, each and every proposed formula was extensively tested numerically.
Donnees scientifiques produites :Thasos SIG par EFASIG de Thasos Chroniques de l’EfA :Thasos, Abords Nord de l'Artemision Comme les rapports precedents, celui-ci rend compte en une fois de deux campagnes, d’etude et restauration uniquement desormais : en effet, l’equipe est engagee maintenant dans la preparation de la publication de la demeure protobyzantine DOM5 (architecture et trouvailles mobilieres) et des etats anterieurs sous la forme d’une monographie destinee a la collection des Etude...
The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite provides a groundbreaking view of sea surface height (SSH) across a 120-km-wide swath (20-km nadir gap), opening new opportunities to reconstruct vertical velocities . Vertical motions play a central role in redistributing properties, influencing climate and ecosystems. Using the effective surface quasigeostrophic framework in the eddy-rich Agulhas Current Retroflection region, we reconstruct down to 1,000 m. We assess its realism against the 1/60 (similar to 2 km) INALT60 ocean model, finding a spatial correlation of 0.6. SWOT-derived reveal pronounced high-frequency variability, with events lasting several days to one week during which variance more than doubles. The Agulhas Retroflection emerges as a hotspot of enhanced (similar to 300 m ), driven by strong horizontal strain. This work provides the first quantitative reconstruction of from SWOT in the region and highlights the mission's potential to quantify vertical exchanges linking the ocean surface and interior.
Symbolic play supports crucial aspects of early childhood development, including language and social-cognitive skills. Parent-child dyadic play has been shown to facilitate symbolic play development, but less is known about the addition of siblings (triadic interactions), which may present both opportunities and challenges. We examined toddlers' symbolic play across dyadic (mother-child) and triadic (mother-child-sibling) free-play interactions recorded through videoconferencing. Twenty toddlers (aged 1.5–2.5 years, eight girls) were observed playing with their mothers and older siblings (aged 3.5–7.5 years, ten sisters) in two standardized 10-minute play sessions at their homes. We coded the frequency, duration, variety, toddler initiative, and complexity of symbolic play. Consistent with our hypothesis, toddlers demonstrated significantly higher levels of symbolic play in dyadic versus triadic interactions overall (p < 0.0001, Cohen's d = 0.953) and across all measured dimensions (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.637–0.915). This suggests that dyadic play may optimize conditions for symbolic play development, and/or that the addition of siblings introduces competing demands that reduce opportunities for advanced symbolic play. The results have implications for understanding how family configuration influences early play experiences and may inform the design of interventions to support symbolic play development in different social contexts.
Current estimates of the global ocean carbon sink based on measurements of CO 2 fugacity are inconsistent with those obtained from global ocean biogeochemistry models. Here we investigate how this gap might change by more fully accounting for submonthly variability in observation-based estimates, a step closer to the roughly hourly frequencies used in models. While these data-based estimates use hourly to 6-hourly wind speeds to compute the air-sea CO 2 flux, other input variables are available only at monthly resolution. Thus, they neglect high-frequency variability in key variables such as atmospheric pressure associated with synoptic events such as storms. To evaluate this error, we compare flux estimates from observational data sets with different temporal resolutions. Accounting for hourly variations in atmospheric pressure and daily variations in sea surface temperature, a data-based approach reduces the estimated global carbon uptake by 0.12 Pg C yr −1 , closing 25 % of the average gap between observation-based and model estimates. This reduction results from proper accounting of the covariance between wind speed and atmospheric pressure, particularly in the southern extratropics.
