Des Moines University (DMU) is a private medical school in Des Moines, Iowa. Founded in 1898, Des Moines University is the second oldest osteopathic medical school and the fifteenth largest medical school in the United States. DMU's three colleges – the College of Osteopathic Medicine, College of Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, and College of Health Sciences – offer nine academic degrees, including master’s and doctorate degrees.Annual enrollment is approximately 1,550 students, and the university has more than over 14,000 total alumni in all 50 states.The unaffiliated Des Moines College used the name Des Moines University during the 1920s until its closure in 1929.
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are low-cost, wearable sensors that can estimate body segment orientation by tracking relative sensor orientations. This review aimed to synthesize and evaluate studies investigating the accuracy and reliability of IMUs in measuring shoulder kinematics for clinical application in patients with musculoskeletal injuries. Shoulder kinematics were chosen due to their importance in assessing upper extremity function, performing overhead activities, and the increasing demand for objective, accessible motion-tracking tools in clinical settings. Studies within PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar were screened for eligibility. They were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) application of inertial sensors to assess motions, (2) sensors used accelerometers and gyroscopes or similarly functioning technologies, (3) sensors applied to shoulders, (4) studies published from 2011 to 2024, (5) studies written in English, (6) studies found in peer reviewed, original research articles, (7) studies with full text available. Of 1900 articles identified in our initial literature search, 49 were included. Articles were excluded based on these criteria: (1) Reviews, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses, (2) Studies without ethical approval, (3) Animal or cadaveric studies, (4) Studies prior to 2011. A data extraction was included with key findings of each article. The Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) quality assessment tool was used to assess each article's risk of bias. We compared outcome metrics across studies quantifying IMU accuracy and reliability, including root mean square error (RMSE) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. IMU-based shoulder kinematics exhibited a wide-range of RMSEs (<1° - 12°) and ICCs (0.32 - 0.98) depending on the motion and number of sensors used. Overall, there was a tolerable RMSE (between 5-10°; mean = 7.10 ± 3.97) and good ICC (>0.75; mean = 0.810 ± 0.145) across studies for 6.77 IMUs on average. The goal of this review was to assess the current IMU use in upper extremities, identify factors preventing clinical use, and inform future research. More IMU-based clinical studies are needed to understand shoulder pathology motor deficits. Additional validation studies are needed to demonstrate IMU efficacy when paired with other technologies.
The current research investigates the Physico-chemical characteristics and biological diversity of Kha-Potshangbam River, Manipur, India. The study was conducted on monthly basis starting from April 2024 to March 2025 across two sampling sites to assess physico-chemical parameters and the status of aquatic microphytes and fish. Analysis of water samples revealed that most parameters, including pH, Calcium, Magnesium, and Nitrate, remain within the prescribed permissible limits. However, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels were notably lower in the downstream site (mean 4.58 mg/l) compared to upstream site (mean 5.32mg/l), reaching a decrease of 2.02mg/l in May, 24 indicating organic pollution. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Free CO2 were significantly higher downstream, suggesting increased anthropogenic pressure and water stagnation. Inorganic phosphate levels (0.165–0.213 mg/l) exceeded recommended standards for tributaries discharging into lakes, signalling eutrophication.33 species of macrophytes (belonging to 28 genera and 23 families) and 20 species of fish (belonging to 15 genera and 9 families) were recorded during the study period. The downstream area exhibited heavy macrophyte infestation, acting as a nutrient sink. The presence of widely distributed, pollution-tolerant species both in flora and fauna suggesting deterioration of ecological health of the river under study due to domestic sewage and agricultural runoff. The outcomes emphasize the need for daily monitoring and conservation strategies to protect river’s biodiversity and overall ecological health.
Hematologic malignancies remain a significant public health concern in the United States, affecting over 1.5 million individuals. Although chemotherapy remains a foundational component of treatment, the emergence of novel therapeutic strategies has transformed the treatment landscape. This review examines the development, mechanism of action, expanding clinical applications, and barriers to care associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T-cell) therapy. Relevant data was found via a literature search across major biomedical databases focusing on current clinical implementation of CAR T-cell therapies. To date, seven CAR T-cell therapies have received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval, demonstrating robust response rates and effective clearance of malignant cells in hematologic malignancies, including B-cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Despite these promising outcomes, CAR T-cell therapy faces significant challenges, including manufacturing timelines, geographic access limitations, and substantial financial burden. As the field continues to evolve, this review aims to provide clinicians with an updated synthesis of clinical outcomes, treatment-related toxicities, and persistent barriers to equitable access.
INTRODUCTION:This review aims to evaluate the accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in diagnosing Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) based on the published literature. METHODS:A PubMed search was performed using the keywords NAFLD and MRI, and the literature search deadline was set before April 2025. RESULTS:A total of 86 studies out of 405 retrieved were included in this study. The results showed that Magnetic Resonance Imaging Proton Density Fat Fraction (MRI-PDFF) was positively correlated with steatosis grading. The proton Density Fat Fraction Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (PDFFMRS) threshold of 5% could be used to diagnose liver steatosis. Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) of NAFLD patients was significantly lower than that of controls. A 15% increase in Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) was the strongest predictor of progression to advanced fibrosis in NAFLD. The corrected T1 (cT1) cutoff value of 875 ms was used to identify liver fibrosis in NAFLD. The correlation between the Liver Surface Nodules (LSN) score and the stage of fibrosis in NAFLD was very strong. Dynamic enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) parameters increased with increasing severity of NAFLD and fibrosis. DISCUSSION:This study evaluated the value of multiple MRI techniques in diagnosing NAFLD, confirming MRI's high accuracy and reliability as a noninvasive tool for quantifying NAFLD. However, future technical specification harmonization is needed to enhance comparability of results and validate generalizability through multicenter studies. CONCLUSION:MRI is a highly reliable and accurate method for diagnosing NAFLD.
