Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

This commentary explores the collision of climate change, forced migration, and identity in the 21st century. At its core is a pressing question: What happens when people lose not just their homes, but their nations? Using the real case of Ioane Teitiota from Kiribati, we argue that current legal frameworks inadequately address the needs of those displaced by climate impacts. As legal systems lag behind environmental realities, a gap emerges, one not just of law, but of justice. We call for international policy reform that recognizes climate-displaced persons as a distinct category, while also urging moral responsibility from faith-based and global communities. Ultimately, we must reimagine sovereignty, identity, and compassion in an era where climate change knows no borders.

Lung cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with a pathogenesis deeply influenced by the tumor microenvironment. Two central and interrelated factors -hypoxia and oxidative stress - contribute significantly to tumor progression, angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, and therapeutic resistance. In recent years, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), traditionally viewed as a toxic gas, has gained recognition as a critical gasotransmitter with a regulatory role in both hypoxic and redox signaling pathways in cancer biology. Endogenously produced by enzymes such as CBS, CSE, and 3-MST, H2S can promote or inhibit tumorigenesis depending on the context. In lung cancer, H2S has been shown to modulate hypoxia-inducible factor activity, support mitochondrial bioenergetics under low oxygen tension, and influence ROS dynamics, thereby maintaining redox balance that favors tumor cell survival. The complex crosstalk between H2S, hypoxia, and oxidative stress creates a permissive environment for tumor growth and immune evasion, but also offers potential vulnerabilities that can be therapeutically exploited. Targeting H2S signaling has emerged as a promising avenue in lung cancer management. Both inhibition and controlled supplementation of H2S are under investigation as strategies to disrupt tumor adaptation to hypoxia and oxidative stress. This review highlights the dualistic nature of H2S in lung cancer progression, explores its mechanisms of action in the context of hypoxic and oxidative stress pathways, and discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of modulating the H2S axis for improved clinical outcomes.

Extension service management practices in state universities and colleges (SUCs) influence government and regulatory policies on workplace diversity by modeling inclusive, participatory, and equity-driven approaches that promote representation, empower marginalized groups, and inform national frameworks for inclusive workforce development. This study assessed and analyzed the management practices of extension services in SUCs in Region 1, Philippines. Specifically, it determined the profile of the extension services in SUCs in Region 1, Philippines, along with the nature of services provided, number of employees, number of beneficiaries and approved budget amount, extent of management practices along with organization and management, operations, marketing and financial, and problems encountered in the extension services and weighted mean, and post hoc analysis were utilized in treating the data: the significant difference in the perceptions consisting of 147 extension employees—implementers and 390 beneficiaries. The study used the descriptive method, using two validated sets of questionnaires administered to 537 respondents. Among the six types of services provided, the SUCs’ extension offices in Region 1, Philippines, rendered 400 extension services. The total approved budget was P10,800,873.16. It was found that the extension offices performed well in their extension services and that the extent of management practices was highly practiced. This study reveals strategic insights that enhance community engagement and institutional impact. The study findings offer a replicable model for higher education institutions globally to strengthen outreach initiatives aligned with the sustainable development goals and inclusive growth. [Las prácticas de gestión de los servicios de extensión en las universidades y colegios estatales (SUCs) influyen en las políticas gubernamentales y regulatorias sobre diversidad en el lugar de trabajo al servir de modelo de enfoques inclusivos, participativos y orientados a la equidad que promueven la representación, empoderan a los grupos marginados e informan marcos nacionales para el desarrollo de una fuerza laboral inclusiva. Este estudio evalúa y analiza las prácticas de gestión de los servicios de extensión en las SUCs de la Región I, Filipinas. En concreto, determina el perfil de los servicios de extensión en las SUCs de la Región I, así como la naturaleza de los servicios prestados, el número de empleados, el número de beneficiarios y el monto del presupuesto aprobado, el grado de las prácticas de gestión en relación con la organización y la gestión, las operaciones, el marketing y las finanzas, y los problemas encontrados en los servicios de extensión. Para el tratamiento de los datos se utilizan la media ponderada y el análisis post hoc, a fin de identificar diferencias significativas en las percepciones de 147 empleados de extensión (implementadores) y 390 beneficiarios. El estudio emplea el método descriptivo, mediante dos conjuntos validados de cuestionarios administrados a 537 participantes. Entre los seis tipos de servicios ofrecidos, las oficinas de extensión de las SUCs de la Región I, prestaron 400 servicios de extensión. El presupuesto total aprobado ascendió a 10 800 873.16 pesos filipinos. Se constató que las oficinas de extensión presentaron un buen desempeño en sus servicios y que el grado de aplicación de las prácticas de gestión fue alto. Este estudio aporta perspectivas estratégicas que fortalecen la participación comunitaria y el impacto institucional. Los hallazgos ofrecen un modelo replicable para instituciones de educación superior a nivel global orientado a reforzar las iniciativas de vinculación con la comunidad alineadas con los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible y el crecimiento inclusivo].

This study examined the demographic profiles and technical competence of school administrators and teachers in Arduino Robotics in secondary schools in Candon City, Ilocos Sur. A descriptive quantitative research design was employed. A total of 86 respondents, comprising seven school administrators and 79 teachers, were included using total enumeration sampling. Data gathered through a validated survey tool were analyzed using frequency distributions, percentage calculations, and weighted mean computations. The results revealed that the preponderance of administrators were within the 40–49-year age range, were female, married, and had accrued more than 10 years of teaching experience. In contrast, most teachers were between 30 and 39 years old, mostly female, and held the Teacher III position. Their main subjects were Science and TLE/TVL. Findings further showed that the overall level of technical competence of the respondents in Arduino Robotics was slightly competent (grand mean = 1.83), with relatively higher competence in electronics fundamentals and Arduino programming, but lower competence in embedded systems, sensor integration, IoT communication, robotics assembly, and project development.

This study examined the common errors in both conceptual understanding and mathematical procedures in solving limited problems in calculus. Utilizing a descriptive research design, data were gathered from 25 Grade 11 STEM students through five classroom activities aligned with the senior high school curriculum. The Newman’s Error Analysis was used to analyze the errors and was interpreted using the OECD Six-Stage Framework. Findings revealed five major errors under conceptual understanding: incomplete understanding of definitions, challenges in classifying and recognizing different categories, difficulty handling complex problems, misinterpretation and misuse of symbols and notation, and confusion over terminology. While errors in mathematical procedure include misapplication of mathematical rules, incomplete steps, inconsistent notation usage, and inappropriate strategy selection. These errors arise at various stages of problem-solving, as emphasized in the study, and reinforce the need for development in instructional strategies. In addition, the study promotes the integration of error analysis in instruction to improve and develop students’ skills in mathematics.