The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) with responsibility for civil aviation safety. It carries out certification, regulation and standardisation and also performs investigation and monitoring.: §4.3 It collects and analyses safety data, drafts and advises on safety legislation and co-ordinates with similar organisations in other parts of the world.: §4.3 The idea of a European-level aviation safety authority goes back to 1996, but the agency was legally established only in 2002; it began its work in 2003.: §4.
Shielding an electromagnetic field is tedious due to the mechanism we adopt to shield the system. Microwave-absorbing materials stride through their own in shielding the electromagnetic interference happening in an electronic system. A material that uses an absorption mechanism to shield electromagnetic interference will also act as an amazing radar-absorbing material (RAM) in stealth technology. Here, we investigate the shielding property of rGO/ZnO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite by maintaining the same thickness of 2.4 mm and varying the Fe3O4 content in the composite. The shielding effectiveness of the material was investigated in the X-band. The results show that the rGO/ZnO/Fe3O4 mainly utilizes an absorption mechanism for shielding, and the maximum shielding effectiveness value reaches up to 31.7 dB at 9.9 GHz. The improvement in the shielding behavior is attributed to the conductivity, magnetic loss, dielectric loss, and interfacial polarization of the material. The composite proves to be an amazing radar-absorbing material that can be utilized both in stealth aircraft and for avionic systems in all aircraft.
High-capacity water-cooled electric machines are critical to modern wind energy conversion systems and hydroelectric plants, where superior thermal density and compact design are essential for sustainable power generation. However, the reliability of these renewable assets is compromised by the gradual accumulation of mineral scale, which acts as a thermal insulator. Previous analysis has shown that even a 0.5 mm limestone layer can reduce the theoretical insulation life of a wind generator by up to 30%, threatening the long-term sustainability of the installation. Addressing the maintenance gap where standard hydrostatic pressure testing fails to detect this efficiency-degrading thermal barrier, this paper presents a comprehensive technical protocol for the chemical cleaning and restoration of water jackets and heat exchangers. The methodology compares acid descaling agents – including citric acid, acetic acid, and commercial blends – based on effectiveness, safety, and material compatibility, with specific attention to metallurgy common in wind turbine generators (e.g., mild steel water jackets). Cleaning protocols are proposed for both routine preventative maintenance and severe fouling conditions, incorporating safety protocols and post-cleaning verification. Implementation of these protocols is essential to safeguard the operational lifespan, availability, and energy efficiency of critical renewable infrastructure.
The present study demonstrates a significant advancement in solar water oxidation efficiency and stability by employing a modified electroless deposition of nickel (Ni) on silicon (Si) photoanodes. Utilizing the intrinsic catalytic activity and corrosion resistance of Ni, a conformal and strongly adhered Ni layer (thickness ≈ 500 nm after 30 min deposition) was synthesized via a solution-based, reducing agent-free process where the Si substrate itself acts as the electron donor for Ni2+ reduction. Comprehensive surface and interface characterization via SEM, XPS, and XRD confirmed the formation of a porous interfacial SiO₂ layer ( 400 nm) that facilitates enhanced charge transfer and electron conduction across the Ni/Si interface. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance under AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW/cm2) and 1 M KOH electrolyte revealed a maximal photocurrent density of 27.5 mA/cm2 and an onset potential of 1.09 V vs. RHE for Ni-patterned Si photoanodes, with the flat-band potential measured as 0.54 V vs. RHE via Mott-Schottky analyses as graphically abstracted in Fig. 1. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated superior catalytic OER activity with minimized charge-transfer resistance compared to conventional sputtered Ni electrodes. Chronoamperometry validated operational durability, with Ni-coated Si photoanodes maintaining > 75
Pressure ulcers can lead to acute infections, delayed healing, and cause discomfort to patients with mobility challenges. Although there have been tremendous developments in nanoparticle-based wound care, most investigations remain limited in their ability to address the challenges of pressure ulcers in translational research. The of this review discusses the pathology-driven techniques that uniquely integrate nanoparticle design with specific mechanisms for identifying the pathways in pressure ulcer management. This novelty of this review mainly relied on the diverse techniques and design strategy to contain the pressure ulcers along with various metallic, polymeric, lipid-based, and carbon nanoparticles (NPs) and hydrogel-based NPs systems. The metal NPs are highly effective at controlling infection and facilitating wound healing due to their antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties. The polymer-based NPs allow sustained, site-specific drug delivery and improve anti-inflammatory responses and tissue regeneration, while lipid-based nanoparticles and carbon-based nanoparticles enhance the drug’s entry into the cell and further improve anti-inflammatory and angiogenesis effects. These findings highlight the potential of metallic NPs, particularly silver and gold formulations, demonstrated the broad-spectrum of antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties highly relevant to the infected wound microenvironment of pressure ulcers, while lipid nanoparticles offered a superior biocompatibility and versatile drug encapsulation capacity suitable for anti-inflammatory therapeutic delivery. The polymeric NPs, including PLGA and chitosan-based formulations, provided a controlled and sustained drug release with biodegradable properties that minimize local tissue toxicity, and hydrogel NPs present unique advantages through their tissue-mimicking mechanical properties. The NPs based hydrogels are effective, biocompatible, and cost-efficient wound care alternatives. However, clinical translation remains limited by insufficient long-term biocompatibility data, absence of standardized dosing protocols, and limited in vivo validation across ulcer severity stages. The pathology-aligned nanoparticle engineering is concluded to be a promising and rational strategy for personalized pressure ulcer management, with defined research priorities identified to accelerate clinical adoption. Pressure ulcers can lead to acute infections to patients. Nanoparticles in pressure ulcer treatment explored. Marvelous developments in nanoparticle-based wound care evolved. Metal nanoparticles effectiveness is due to antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties. Nanoparticles possess the potential to heal the pressure ulcer.
The Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is neurodevelopment disorder with unusual social communication, and repetitive behaviours. Early and accurate diagnosis remains a clinical challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings where neuroimaging-based facilities are not available. This study proposed a graph neural network (GNN) models for ASD classification using behavioural features extracted from the AVSRT dataset. The nineteen features were extracted and used to construct patient similarity graphs through k-nearest-neighbour adjacency. The three GNN architectures includes Graph Convolutional Network (GCN), Gated Graph Neural Network (GGNN), and Message Passing Neural Network (MPNN) were trained and evaluated under a fully inductive method with the multi-seed protocol and compared against Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Logistic Regression (LR) baselines. The MPNN achieved the highest balanced accuracy of 0.597, followed by GGNN at 0.575, outperforming all conventional classifiers. The feature importance analysis revealed that the inter-stimulus intervals and stimulus count features as primary discriminative biomarkers. The Ablation studies demonstrated MPNN’s feature dependence with removal of standard inter-stimulus intervals at step 9 causing a 19.97
