The current paper presents a comprehensive numerical study of the impact of infill walls configuration on the behavior of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) framed buildings with plan irregularities. A significant portion of these buildings constitutes a considerable percentage of real estate assets across all countries, particularly in Egypt, and they often lack sufficient seismic detailing. Additionally, the study investigates how can utilizing various infill wall configurations enhance or mitigate plan irregularities. Nonlinear dynamic time history analyses were conducted on two groups of medium- and low-rise unsymmetrical C-shaped buildings using SeismoStruct software, employing the double-strut nonlinear cyclic model for infill walls. Three different ground motion records with varying frequency contents; high, medium, and low were scaled to different levels, ranging from 0.1g to 0.5g, for use during the analysis. The results indicate that infill walls could enhance the seismic performance of RC-framed buildings with plan irregularity using the proper configuration in terms of story drift, rotation, and structural damage. Additionally, infill walls could be considered as a retrofitting solution for rehabilitating irregular plan buildings, without requiring traditional seismic rehabilitation methods, and within the available architectural solutions.
Abstract Building information modeling (BIM) has transformed project delivery into a collaborative, data-dependent process, but construction law still tends to organize responsibility around discrete documents, bilateral duties, and physical defects. This article defines digital damage as a legally relevant impairment of the integrity, accessibility, reliability, authorship, evidentiary value, interoperability, or security of project information that causes or materially contributes to a recognized loss. Using doctrinal and structured comparative analysis of the United Kingdom, United States, and European Union, the article distinguishes nonactionable technical malfunction from contractual breach, evidentiary impairment, economic loss, intellectual property infringement, cybersecurity incident, and recoverable damage. It applies contractual liability, negligence, misrepresentation, causation, and risk allocation rules to corrupted models, inaccurate model reliance, interoperability degradation, access denial, and shared authorship. The case analysis shows that existing doctrine can protect access, reliance, performance expectations, and contractual risk allocation, but does not itself create a comprehensive BIM compensation regime. The article therefore proposes a differentiated matrix linking each digital incident to its legal characterization, responsible actor, evidence, recoverable loss, contractual provision, insurance response, and dispute mechanism. It concludes that effective compensation requires express model status and reliance clauses, binding information management duties, auditable digital records, proportionate cybersecurity obligations, and specialist dispute and insurance arrangements.
This comprehensive review presents a thorough examination of recent advances in nanoemulsion (NE) green technology, focusing on biomass-assisted synthesis, characterization, and the diverse biomedical implications of these nanoscale emulsions. NEs, characterized by their minute droplet sizes and kinetic stability, have garnered considerable attention due to their potential applications across various biomedical fields. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art synthesis methods, including mini-emulsion polymerization, NE–solvent evaporation, spontaneous emulsification, sol–gel techniques, and innovative strategies for producing complex multicomponent materials. Emphasis is placed on the evolution of synthetic approaches, offering insights into the current landscape of NE production. In exploring the biomedical applications, the study categorizes nanocarriers formed within NEs, distinguishing between polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid nanocarriers based on their chemical composition. Noteworthy advancements in synthetic strategies are outlined for each category, showcasing the dynamic nature of NEs technology. A key highlight is the discussion of emerging trends in biomedical applications, spanning medicine, food, agriculture, cosmetics, and environmental science. Specific attention is given to the role of NEs in nanofiltration, elucidating their effectiveness in removing diverse pharmaceuticals through polyamide nano-filters. Moreover, the manuscript delves into the pivotal role of NEs in bioremediation, addressing hazardous substances such as PFASs through adsorption, photo-degradation/defluorination, and other innovative mechanisms. This review aims to provide a contemporary overview of green NE technologies, offering valuable insights for researchers, scientists, and practitioners in nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical sciences.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important staple crops worldwide. However, its productivity, grain quality, and nutritional value are increasingly threatened by climate change, particularly drought stress. Rapid global population growth, coupled with these climatic challenges, is expected to intensify malnutrition and food insecurity, thereby increasing the risk of famine in vulnerable regions. Nanotechnology‑based approaches, especially zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO-NPs) seed nano priming, have emerged as promising strategies to enhance seed germination, early seedling growth, and drought tolerance in wheat. This study phenotypically evaluated 113 doubled haploid (DH) wheat genotypes, along with two parental lines, for 22 germination‑ and seedling‑related traits under optimal (C; 0
