Federal Penitentiary Service

Introduction . The issue of legal privileges is one of the most controversial in legal scholarship and public consciousness, where they are often perceived as synonymous with injustice and a violation of the principle of equality. However, this simplistic view ignores their systemic role in ensuring the stability, effectiveness, and very existence of the legal order. The goal of this study is an axiological analysis of the institution of legal privileges, allowing us to overcome their negative interpretation and identify the value-based foundations justifying their existence as a functional instrument of legal regulation. Based on this, the study aims to integrate the phenomenon of privilege into general legal theory, showing it not as an anomaly, but as an integral component of a complex mechanism for balancing key social values. This approach allows us to systematize privileges according to their functional purpose and determine the conditions for maintaining their legitimacy in the context of social dynamics. Materials and methods. The following approaches were used: an axiological method applied to identify the hierarchy of values underlying various types of privileges; a comparative legal analysis of international and national regulations; a formal legal method for studying the construction of privileges in positive law; a historical-legal method for addressing concepts of natural law; and a sociological approach for examining privileges as social instruments. The material was drawn from scientific doctrines, regulatory legal acts, and current socio-legal contexts. Research results. The study demonstrated that privileges have a sound justification, rooted in the core principles of the legal system itself. It was found that privileges serve specific and socially beneficial purposes, rather than being mere deviations from general rules. Their existence is justified by the need to protect vital social institutions, ensure genuine equality for those in need, and encourage behavior that is beneficial to society. The study's findings also demonstrate that the meaning of privileges and attitudes toward them are determined not by the privilege itself, but by a clear connection to a socially significant goal and the alignment of the benefits provided with the objective for which they were established. Their legitimacy and public acceptance are maintained only when they are perceived as instruments for the public good, not for personal gain. It is important to understand that this balance shifts as society develops, requiring constant attention and timely adjustments from legislators and law enforcement. Discussion and conclusion. Privileges have a sound value justification and are necessary for achieving justice and efficiency in a complex society. Their legitimacy stems from both universal notions of justice and the practical challenges facing current legislation. The main difficulty is that social conditions are constantly changing, requiring a continuous reassessment of the balance between granting special treatment and upholding the principle of equality. Privileges do not constitute a denial of equality. On the contrary, they serve as one means of effectively ensuring it, as they are aimed at protecting key public interests and functions. Thus, examining special rights through the prism of the value-based foundations of law allows them to be seamlessly integrated into the model of a just legal system.

The paper is devoted to a linguistic analysis of stickers with verbal signs, purposefully applied to different parts of cars to distinguish them from other vehicles. Stickers on a car are a design solution by individuals and legal entities to make it unique and original. The stickers were classified based on the global pragmatic goals of the addressees of such communicative messages to the social world: compliance with the law, promotion of goods and/or services, and personal free expression. Accordingly, they can be classified as formal, or official, informal, or decorative types of stickers. The verbal signs are a direct incentive for the addressee to come into contact with the inscription made by the addressee and react (think, feel, act) in a certain way. In this way, one more fragment of the ethnic communicative space of Ukrainian society is created. The paper shows that while compliance with the law involves the use of standardised stickers, advertising and self-expression are characterised by more or less free linguistic creativity. If the promotion of a product or service is aimed at satisfying social needs for the sake of survival, financial success, self-affirmation, etc., the need for decorative verbal markings of a car is due to the existing needs for self-expression, respect, belonging to a certain community, etc. Verbal labels are nominative (words, abbreviations, shortenings) and communicative (phrases, sentences, small texts) signs in Germanic, Slavic and Latin, displayed in different colours, fonts and sizes on the car glass or body. In this way, the main communicative signal is reinforced, namely the idea of why this or that sticker was created. In terms of pragmatics, the identified intentions (the list of which is far from being exhaustive), realising the Ego of individuals, actually reveal different aspects of their personalities – people express their attitude to many fragments of this multifaceted world through the corresponding stickers. One of the main intentions is to express their negative attitude to the war, love for their Motherland, and the vision of Ukraine in Europe.

The aim of the study . To determine the diagnostic significance of recombinant tuberculosis allergen and T-SPOT for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection. Materials and methods . In 25 patients (72.0% (18/25) male and 28.0% (7/25) female), who had verified tuberculosis in combination with HIV infection, an immunological study was performed using the recombinant tuberculosis allergen and the TSPOT test. The statistical modeling method was simple logistic regression, calculating the likelihood ratio for intervals of the number of CD4 lymphocytes. Results and discussion . From the CD4 lymphocyte level of 200 cells/ml, the probability curve of a positive test result with the recombinant tuberculosis allergen increases sharply and, starting from the CD4 lymphocyte level of 600 cells/ml (the minimum threshold of a healthy person), takes on a probability close to 1.0 (100%). For the T-SPOT immunological test, the probability curve of a positive test result is more than 50% at a CD4 lymphocyte level of less than 200 cells/mll, approximately 100 cells/mll, and at a CD4 lymphocyte level slightly above 200 cells/ml, the probability curve approaches 1.0 (100%). Conclusion . In diagnostically difficult cases in a patient with HIV infection, it is preferable to use an immunological test with T-SPOT to detect tuberculosis when the number of CD4 lymphocytes decreases to less than 200 cells/ml.

The improvement of the physical fitness level of employees in the criminal enforcement system has always been a relevant task. A variety of approaches are proposed to address this issue, one of which is recreational. The purpose of the study is to compare the dynamics of the recovery of psychophysical qualities in cadets who engage in table tennis and those who do not. Research methods and organization. To test the research hypothesis, the study examined simple visual-motor reaction, resistance to interference, differentiation and choice reaction, reaction to a moving object, and a tapping test. The study involved 30 female cadets and was conducted in January-February 2024 at the Kuzbass Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia. Conclusions. The results obtained demonstrated the validity of the author's hypothesis and showcased the potential of using table tennis as an additional means of physical education for female cadets.

The article analyzes and evaluates the effectiveness of national projects in Russia. Current issues and priority areas of state policy are highlighted. A list of strategic planning documents is defined, which determines the tools for implementing the country's socio-economic policy. The financing of national projects of the Russian Federation for 2025-2027 was analyzed.