Federico Villarreal National University

This systematic literature review examines the rapid growth of research on the use of drones applied to smart agriculture, a key field for the digital and sustainable transformation of the agricultural sector. The study aimed to synthesize the current state of knowledge regarding the application of drones in smart agriculture by applying the Kitchenham protocol (SLR), complemented with Petersen’s systematic mapping (SMS). A search was conducted in high-impact academic databases (Scopus, IEEE Xplore, Taylor & Francis Online, Google Scholar, and ProQuest), covering the period 2019–2025 (July). After applying the inclusion, exclusion, and quality criteria, 73 relevant studies were analyzed. The results reveal that 90% of the publications appear in Q1 journals, with China and the United States leading scientific production. The thematic analysis identified “UAS Phenotyping” as the main driving theme in the literature, while “precision agriculture,” “machine learning,” and “remote sensing” were the most recurrent and highly interconnected keywords. An exponential increase in publications was observed between 2022 and 2024. The review confirms the consolidation of drones as a central tool in digital agriculture, with significant advances in yield estimation, pest detection, and 3D modeling, although challenges remain in standardization, model generalization, and technological equity. It is recommended to promote open access repositories and interdisciplinary studies that integrate socioeconomic and environmental dimensions to strengthen the sustainable adoption of drone technologies in agriculture.

The study analyzed the environmental performance and operational efficiency of wastewater treatment plants from an environmental engineering perspective, aiming to identify the impacts associated with their functioning and technological level. The methodology included direct observation of unit processes and a systematized analysis of operational information, applying technical criteria for environmental assessment and contaminant removal. The results showed significant differences among the plants, highlighting one system with suspended solids removal efficiency below 65%, associated with high environmental impact, in contrast to others with efficiencies above 90% and moderate effects. It is concluded that environmental performance depends on technological level, emission control, and integrated waste management.

Moray (Cusco, Peru) represents one of the most sophisticated examples of Inca agricultural engineering, where architecture, environmental management, and constructive systems converge to generate controlled microclimates for agricultural experimentation. Recognized as an important archaeological heritage site, Moray provides valuable insight into ancestral Andean strategies for adapting agriculture to complex high-altitude environments. However, the site is increasingly exposed to environmental pressures associated with climatic variability, soil erosion, structural collapses, and tourism intensity. This study aims to analyze the relationship between microclimates, geometric design, and constructive sustainability of the Moray archaeological complex through integrated spatial, functional, and constructive analyses, supported by digital tools such as Google Earth Pro, AutoCAD 2023, SketchUp 2023, and environmental simulations developed by Andrew Marsh. The research examines the geometric configuration of the circular terraces, which present radii between 45 and 65 m, heights ranging from 3 to 5 m, and slope variations between 14% and 48%, generating temperature gradients of 12–15 °C between upper and lower levels. These conditions enabled the Incas to experiment with and adapt diverse ecological species across different thermal zones. The study also evaluates the irrigation and infiltration systems composed of gravel, sand, and stone layers that ensured soil stability and moisture regulation. Climate data from SENAMHI (2019–2024) indicate that Moray is located in a semi-arid meso-Andean environment, reinforcing its interpretation as an ancestral environmental laboratory. The results demonstrate Inca mastery in integrating environmental design, hydrological engineering, and agricultural experimentation while also identifying current conservation challenges related to erosion processes, structural deterioration, and tourism pressure. This research contributes to understanding Moray as a climate-sensitive heritage system, offering insights relevant to contemporary strategies for sustainable agriculture, climate adaptation, and heritage conservation in Andean regions.

Abstract This study provides the first ecotoxicological evaluation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), essential elements (EEs), and enzymatic biomarkers in two native fish species, Branquinha (Psectrogaster amazonica) and Branquinha-cascuda (Caenotropus labyrhinthicus), from the middle Tocantins River, Brazil. Specimens were collected from the urban riverside zone of Beira Rio (P1) and a fluvial beach near the rural community of Embiral (P2). PTEs and EEs concentrations were measured in liver and muscle tissues, and biochemical biomarkers included acetylcholinesterase (AChE), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Human health risks associated with fish consumption were assessed using the bioconcentration factor (BCF), risk quotient (RQ), and estimated daily intake (EDI). In P. amazonica (urban zone), arsenic (As) exceeded limits by 83–266% in muscle and 60–220% in liver, lead (Pb) in liver by 95–1850%, and selenium (Se) by up to 4537%. In C. labyrhinthicus (rural zone), As and Se in muscle exceeded limits by 185–470% and 5–200%, respectively, while Pb and zinc (Zn) were not detected. BCF values indicated moderate bioaccumulation of sulfur (S) (2867.29) and iron (Fe) (2641.30). Risk assessment revealed a high level of concern, with an RQ for Se reaching 53.13 and As intake exceeding child safety thresholds sevenfold, highlighting significant food safety risks.

AIM:To evaluate the effect of over-the-counter (OTC) whitening products on postbleaching enamel surface roughness and the ability to recover the postbleaching shade after a standardized staining challenge under in vitro conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This experimental, longitudinal in vitro study included 40 human enamel specimens. Specimens were subjected to bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) and then immersed in a purple-corn beverage at 37°C for 30 minutes every 24 hour for 28 days; the beverage was renewed daily. Specimens were randomly assigned to four equal groups (n = 10) according to the OTC treatment: Group I, distilled water (control); group II, whitening strips (WS); group III, whitening mouthwash (WM); and group IV, WS + WM. Shade recovery was assessed using the CIEDE2000 color difference (ΔE00) relative to the postbleaching reference shade, and surface roughness (Ra) was measured with a contact profilometer at baseline (post-staining, pre-OTC) and after the assigned OTC regimen. Statistical analyses included paired Student's t-tests, MANOVA, and one-way between-groups ANOVA (p < 0.05). RESULTS:At baseline, no between-group differences were observed for Ra (p = 0.893) or ΔE00 (p = 0.304). After exposure, Ra increased significantly compared with control in WS (p = 0.026), WM (p = 0.002), and WS + WM (p = 0.025), with no differences among the three OTC regimens (p > 0.05). Within groups, Ra increased in WS (+0.83 μm; p < 0.001), WM (+1.18 μm; p = 0.001), and WS + WM (+0.72 μm; p = 0.005), but not in the control (p = 0.532). For ΔE00, there were between-group differences (p < 0.001): WS + WM yielded the lowest values and differed from control, WS, and WM (all p < 0.05), while WS and WM did not differ from each other (p > 0.05). Within groups, ΔE00 decreased in WS (-14.62; p < 0.001), WM (-16.47; p < 0.001), and WS + WM (-21.19; p < 0.001), with no change in the control (p = 0.292). A global multivariate effect of OTC whitening was detected [Wilks' Λ, p < 0.001; partial η² (ηp²) = 0.753], with a very large effect size for ΔE00 (ηp² = 0.934) and a moderate one for Ra (ηp² = 0.326). CONCLUSION:Under in vitro conditions, OTC whitening regimens increased enamel surface roughness and reduced color difference, with a larger effect on ΔE00 than on Ra. The combined regimen of strips and mouthwash produced the greatest reduction in ΔE00, while Ra did not differ among OTC protocols. Longer-term randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the clinical relevance of these findings. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:After professional bleaching, OTC WS, WM, or both may improve color recovery, but they may also increase enamel surface roughness. Clinicians should advise patients about this esthetic-surface trade-off and recommend judicious use. How to cite this article: Llancari-Alonzo R, Manrique-Guzmán J, Manrique-Chávez J, et al. Effect of Over-the-counter Whitening Products on Postbleaching Enamel Surface Roughness and Shade Recovery: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2026;27(2):148-155.