The National University of Callao is a post-secondary institution in the Bellavista District of the Constitutional Province of Callao in the country of Peru. It was established on 2 September 1966.This scholarly institute retains its original technical character, unique to Peru. The University has maintained its technical character, and has grown to eleven departments, fifteen professional schools, and a postgraduate school..
Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is an efficient technique for biodiesel production. The main contribution of this study is the development of a modular reactor with a universal stainless steel joint, whose design facilitates the installation, replacement, and maintenance of the orifice plate by eliminating flanges and bolts during assembly. Using this reactor, the study evaluated the synergistic interaction between feed pressure and methanol:oil molar ratio in the transesterification of soybean oil, employing a 32 factorial design. The orifice plate was 3 mm thick and had 19 holes with a diameter of 1.0 mm, installed downstream of the pump. The process was carried out for 45 min, using NaOH at 1 wt% relative to the oil and at 60 ± 5 °C. Feed pressures of 1.72, 2.41, and 3.10 bar and methanol:oil molar ratios of 6:1, 8:1, and 10:1 were evaluated, reaching a maximum yield of 92.98% at 3.10 bar and 8:1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed a significant interaction (p < 0.0001) and allowed a second-order polynomial model to be fitted (R2 = 0.9981). In contrast, conventional mechanical agitation required 90 min to achieve 95% yield. The biodiesel produced met most American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D6751 requirements, confirming the potential of HC as a viable alternative for intensifying biodiesel production.
Acid-generating mining waste and polymer waste are two of the most persistent environmental problems facing the mining and manufacturing sectors, respectively. We have investigated the co-recovery of these disparate waste streams for the production of unfired cementitious paving blocks. We established a statistically optimized formulation using response surface methodology (RSM) and a central composite design (CCD). We systematically evaluated three process variables: air-curing time (4-37 days), dosage of the waste mixture (5-68% by weight of dry solids: acid-generating mining waste, hydrated lime, and recycled polymer in a waste-to-polymer mass ratio of 1:1), and type of polymeric aggregate (recycled PET flakes versus granulated rubber). Compressive strength ranged from 4.5 to 42.1 MPa across the 40 experimental conditions. The resulting quadratic model was clearly significant (F = 186.31, p < 0.0001) with solid predictive parameters (R-2 = 0.9796; R(2)pred = 0.9627; adequate precision = 42.47). Desirability-based optimization, which limited air curing to industrially feasible timeframes (7-28 days) and maximized waste utilization within a 10-50% by weight, identified PET with 12.4 days of curing and a 50% by weight waste mixture as the optimal configuration, predicting a compressive strength of 37.3 MPa. This value exceeds the 32 MPa threshold for Type I heavy-traffic paving blocks; however, confirmatory tests yielded 34.09 +/- 1.08 MPa, indicating that production-scale use should include control of moisture content, compaction, and batch homogeneity. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that PET inclusions promoted a denser and more continuous interfacial transition zone than shredded rubber, driven by physical entanglement and the pronounced microfilling effect of the fine waste particles.
This project seeks to improve the hydroponic lettuce cultivation system through the design and implementation of a data recording system with IoT technology that allows real-time monitoring of the necessary conditions such as temperature, pH, TDS, and electrical conductivity. The instrument validation methodology was used, which allowed us to verify and evaluate the devices used to comply with the specifications of the system. Likewise, we corroborated the data captured by the sensors connected to the ESP32 SoC (system on chip). This was in charge of collecting the information received and transmitting it to the Firebase platform for its soul-stringing. This process managed to integrate and communicate the different sensors, ensuring that they can transmit their information to the IoT platform, despite their technical differences, achieving their subsequent processing; after adjusting the results, they showed an improvement in the growth of lettuce, which was a consequence of the difference in the parameters of height, number of leaves, length of leaves and weight of the plants before and after implementing the control system, which was 7.74 cm, 5 leaves, 5.47 cm and 41.57 g, respectively. From these results, it was concluded that the implementation of these systems provides important benefits, allowing remote monitoring and management of the hydroponic crop conditions.
En el Perú, la industria farmacéutica no solo representa un sector dentro de la cadena de valor de la salud y en la creación de empleo para la población, sino que ha experimentado un crecimiento sostenido en las últimas décadas. Uno de los fenómenos presentes en la industria farmacéutica es la concentración y colusión empresarial que influyen en la determinación de los precios de los medicamentos afectando a una población en particular. Estas empresas que abusan de la posición de dominio elevan los precios de los medicamentos de forma injustificada. En este escenario, surge la necesidad de sancionar administrativamente a las empresas que incurren en esta infracción y, a la vez, de promocionar el uso de medicamentos genéricos. Por tal razón, se planteó como objetivo describir cómo se manifiestan las malas prácticas en el comercio de medicamentos en el Perú. Desde la metodología, enfoque cualitativo, nivel descriptivo y técnica documental. Se concluyó que, las malas prácticas en el comercio de medicamentos en el Perú representan un problema que afecta tanto el funcionamiento del mercado farmacéutico como el acceso de la población a tratamientos seguros y asequibles a cualquier nivel socioeconómico. Estas prácticas se manifiestan en diversas formas, entre las que destacan la colusión entre empresas para fijar precios, el abuso de la posición de dominio en la concentración de empresas y la promoción indebida de productos más costosos cuando existen alternativas genéricas equivalentes.
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto de los factores del apalancamiento financiero en la rentabilidad de una empresa del sector agroindustrial durante el período 2017–2023, a través del análisis de ratios financieros. El estudio adoptó un diseño no experimental, de alcance descriptivo, bajo el método hipotético-deductivo. Para la recolección de datos se empleó la técnica de observación, analizando los estados financieros de acceso público disponibles en la Bolsa de Valores de Lima. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por una empresa representativa del sector agroindustrial. Los resultados evidencian que determinados factores del apalancamiento financiero mantienen una relación directa y significativa con la rentabilidad en el sector agroindustrial, lo que resalta la importancia de una adecuada gestión financiera para el desempeño económico de este tipo de empresas.
