Sustainable and environmentally friendly nanomaterials are in greater demand, which has sparked interest in green synthesis of metal nanoparticles. In recent years, copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have emerged as promising materials owing to their outstanding physico-chemical and biological attributes and economic viability. To promote safer and more sustainable synthesis approaches, green synthesis methods have been developed using plant extracts and other biological resources as natural reducing and capping agents. The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized CuNPs are generally analyzed with various techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The wide range of uses of copper nanoparticles is also covered in this review, with special attention paid to their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and anticancer activity. Standardizing green synthesis procedures and increasing production while preserving the stability, homogeneity and reproducibility of nanoparticles is a crucial research need, despite the fact that numerous studies have shown. Future studies should also look into long-term environmental effects and synergistic processes in biomedical applications. By encompassing these perspectives, the present review aims to offer an in-depth understanding of green synthesis strategies for CuNPs and their role in fostering sustainable nanotechnological innovations.
Ice is commonly used as a major essential product for fish preservation, and it is produced by energy-intensive ice-making plants in the form of ice blocks weighing 130–150 kg. As an initiative for shifting toward renewables, a biomass gasifier for power generation systems in ice plants is a technology that has to be investigated. The purpose of this investigation is to study the techno-economic parameters involved in implementing a biomass power generation system (BPGS) for ice plants that have been identified in the study area that produces 5–100 tons of ice per day (TPD). Rice husk, coconut shell, and rubber shell are recognized as the significant biomass resources identified within the study area that can be used for producer gas generation for dual fuel application in a diesel engine as a secondary fuel. Among the three feedstock, the rubber shell fueled BPGS system showed the highest overall efficiency from 15.8% to 25.7%, diesel savings from 48.04% to 77.86%, and minimum biomass consumption from 91.72 to 733.75 kg/h. Economic indices like operating cost (OC), payback period, and life cycle cost are with range from Indian Rupee (INR) 30.51 to 174.44 × 106, 1.79 to 5.8 years, and INR 1.65 to 9.53 × 108, respectively. Positive net present value is observed for the capacities above 37 TPD for rubber shell powered BPGS. The sensitivity analysis shows that the maximum influence of uncertainty in input parameters on the Investment cost, OC, and payback duration are 10.26%, 6.3%, and 12.29%, respectively.
Background:Dental caries remains a significant global oral health concern, particularly among children. Vitamin D3 plays a crucial role in tooth mineralization and immune function, and its deficiency has been associated with increased caries risk. Traditional assessment of Vitamin D3 involves serum measurements, but saliva has recently emerged as a promising non-invasive alternative, especially in pediatric populations. Aim:This study aimed to assess salivary Vitamin D3 levels in children with dental caries compared to healthy individuals. Methods:A total of 40 children aged 10–15 years were divided into two groups: 20 children with dental caries (ICDAS II code 5) and 20 healthy controls (ICDAS II code 0). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected between 8–9 a.m., centrifuged, and stored at 4°C. Levels of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test. Results:The mean salivary Vitamin D3 level in the caries group was 30.87 ng/dL, significantly lower than the 40.125 ng/dL observed in healthy controls (p = 0.010). This suggests a strong association between Vitamin D3 deficiency and dental caries occurrence. Conclusion:Children with dental caries exhibited significantly reduced salivary Vitamin D3 levels. Salivary Vitamin D3 measurement offers a practical, non-invasive approach for early identification of caries risk, particularly in young populations. These findings support further research into the diagnostic utility of saliva-based Vitamin D assessment and its potential integration into preventive pediatric dental care.
BACKGROUND: 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of vitamin D3 is known to play an important role in mineralization. Vitamin D3 is also known to have immune-supporting properties by regulating various cytokines and cell signalling pathways. AIM: To review the role of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) on the rate of Orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS: This study applied a systematic review to analyse the current literature to define and summarise the role of I,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol on the rate of Orthodontic tooth movement. A comprehensive search was done using electronic databases such as PubMed Central, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Google Scholar, EMBASE and direct web search. The title scan was done to identify relevant articles which are further evaluated for inclusion by reading the abstract. RESULTS: The electronic database search identified 28 articles. 3 articles were selected based on the selection criteria to meet the research question. There was about 60% faster rate of orthodontic tooth movement when a dosage of 40-50 pg/dl of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol was supplemented. Administration of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol showed no deleterious effects to the tooth roots or the surrounding tissues as evidenced from the periapical radiographs and CBCT. CONCLUSION: Based on the collected data, the local administration of an active form of Vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol can act as an effective supplement to accelerate Orthodontic Tooth Movement (OTM).
Building stable networks is one of the most demanding issues in the current era, as the world is increasingly reliant on computers and technology. The standard MANET protocols, software, and facilities presume a collaborative and networking atmosphere and do not consider protection. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) that track centralised network operations and detect malicious nodes are often used to supplement certain security because mitigation strategies are never sufficient. In this context, this study describes ML techniques for distributing valuable properties to IDS for Green Smart Transportation on MANET. The performance of ML-IDSs and a review of their adequacy in MANETs helps the users determine intrusion when learning about the MANET context. ML developed an efficient method for IDS on KDD. Each controlled packet assigned an anomaly score using ensemble learning in this IDS process. This ML approach is our suggested solution to the lack of dataset resources on realistic MANETs. This research combined Ml methods with simulation and a working prototype to create more resilient IDS for Green Smart Transportation. The findings showed that using IDS enhanced by ML can detect and reduce malicious activity on MANETs. Via ubiquitous learning, this research is added to the body of information in the field of IDSs.
