The Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS) (Georgian: საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა ეროვნული აკადემია, romanized: sakartvelos metsnierebata erovnuli ak'ademia) is a main learned society of the Georgia. It was named Georgian SSR Academy of Sciences until November 1990. The Academy coordinates scientific research in Georgia and develops relationship with the academies and scientific centers of foreign countries.
The transition to an innovative model of economic development means a structural transformation of production, the successive increase of the technical and technological level of production and the increase of competitiveness on its basis. The main directions of innovative activity are innovations that ensure the implementation of more advanced, resource-saving technologies in production. Innovations that contribute to the improvement of productivity and efficiency of production factors and based on this, to the saturation of countries' markets with high-quality local products. The training of personnel corresponding to the innovative model of economic development. Innovations that ensure the reduction of the environmental impact of local production. Keywords: innovation, technology, competition, market, business environment, knowledge management, information, innovative policy.
Zeolites enriched with such “biocidal” metals as silver, copper and zinc exhibit antimicrobial activity and can be used as disinfectant filter materials and fillers. Zeolite enrichment is carried out by exchanging cations of “biocidal” metals with compensating cations under various conditions, as a result of which not only the cationic composition but also the porous structure of the zeolite changes. Enrichment of heulandite-bearing tuff from the Dzegwi-Tedzami deposit (Eastern Georgia) with Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions was carried out by treatment in solutions of the copper and zinc chlorides (“liquid” ion exchange) and by the “solid-state” ion exchange method. It has been found that “liquid” ion exchange is more effective for enriching heulandite with zinc, and as a result of ion exchange, the crystal structure of heulandite is preserved, but changes in the chemical composition of the zeolite affect its porosity. Filling of micropores with water molecules does not depend on the presence of copper and zinc ions, whereas as a result of enrichment the number of water molecules adsorbed in large pores increases significantly. The volume of micropores calculated from the low-temperature (77 K) nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms and the specific surface area calculated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller model increase as a result of enrichment. Analysis of the mesopore system using the Barret-Joyner-Halenda model shows that the average mesopore diameter increases slightly (from 17.2 to 21.5 nm), while as a result of “liquid” ion exchange, the volume of mesopores with a diameter of less than 180 nm decreases and pores with a diameter of 4 nm become predominant, whereas as a result of “solid” ion exchange, the volume of mesopores increases, and their distribution by pore size depends on the nature of the absorbed metal.
The review focuses on lidocaine (2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide): in the first part, its use in various branches of medicine, as well as the structure of lidocaine, its salts and molecular complexes was discussed; in the second part the use of lidocaine in the composition of deep-eutectic solvents (DES), DES-microemulsions and complexes of lidocaine with zinc, copper, cobalt, platinum and iron was considered; the third part described the structure of bis(lidocaine) tetrachloridozincate(II). The forth part examines the structure of bis(lidocaine) tetrachloro-ferrate(III) chloride, which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 11.0597(1), b = 23.0083(2), c = 14.6629(2) Å, β = 109.378(2)°, V = 3519.82(8) Å3, Z = 4, and Dc = 1.328 Mg/m3 (CCDC Deposition Number 2109673),and consists of the [FeCl4]– slightly distorted tetrahedral anion, chlorine anion Cl– and two protonated cations of lidocaine LidH+ in an outer coordination sphere. H-bonds form a “bridge” connecting two lidocaine molecules of neighboring complexes with the formation of molecular dimers. “Bridges” are located in the center and in all eight corners of the unit cell, half of the ligands of the complex form dimers, the other half stacks with the metal group and chlorine anions. The dimers form a chain lying in the ac plane and on the diagonal passing through the origin at an angle of 54.69° (0.5β) to the a and c axes; the chains form layers lying in the ac plane with an interlayer distance of 11.5 Å (0.5b), and layers containing anions and cations not involved in the formation of dimers are arranged between the dimer layers.
The review focuses on lidocaine (2-(diethylamino)-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide): in the first part, its use in various branches of medicine, as well as the structure of lidocaine, its salts and molecular complexes was discussed; in the second part the use of lidocaine in the composition of deep-eutectic solvents (DES), DES-microemulsions and complexes of lidocaine with zinc, copper, cobalt, platinum and iron was considered; in the 3rd the structure of bis(lidocaine) tetrachlorido-zincate(II) was considered, in the 4th part the structure of bis(lidocaine) tetrachloridoferrate(III) chloride was discussed, this part reports on the synthesis and structure of bis(lidocaine) tetra-chloridocuprate(II), (LidH)2[CuCl4], which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 15.7831(2), b = 24.2992(2), c = 17.8748(2) Å, β = 104.874(1)°, V = 6625.58(13) Å3, Z = 8, and Dc = 1.355 Mg/m3. The coordination of the Cu2+ ions with chlorine atoms generates two differently distorted tetrahedral anions [CuCl4]2–, while four protonated cations LidH+ remain in an outer coordination sphere. Anions and cations are associated by hydrogen bonds of the N–H···Cl type to form the 2{(LidH)2[CuCl4]} dimer, in which the distance between two copper atoms is 8.95 Å (c/2). With the help of hydrogen bonds of the type N–H···O and N–H·Cl, each dimer is connected with four neighboring dimers, resulting in a three-dimensional structure in which dimers lie at an angle of 28.39° to the a crystallographic axis in the ab planes located at a distance of 10.67 Å from each other.
The article considers the processes leading to a change in the structure and properties as a result of calcination followed by acid treatment of heulandite-containing tuff from the Georgian Dzegvi-Tedzami deposit. The samples obtained by heat-acid treatment were studied by the X-ray energy dispersion spectra and diffraction patterns, as well as by adsorption of water and benzene methods. It was found that pre-heat treatment reduces weight loss and the degree of dealumination during subsequent acid treatment, and also affects the decationization process: with increasing preheating temperature, the participation of sodium ions in the process slows down, while the participation of potassium ions increases, the overall degree of decationization decreases, and after annealing at 800 �C, compensating cations do not wash out. The crystalline structure of heulandite is preserved after heating to 400-450 �C and subsequent acid treatment, which is confirmed by the preservation of the peak positions in the X-ray diffraction patterns; the change in peak intensity depends on the acid concentration and is associated with changes in the content and distribution of cations. After heating to 500 �C and higher temperatures, the acid-treated samples transform into an amorphous state with crystalline inclusions of chabazite, ?-quartz and albite feldspar. The adsorption of water, reflecting the volume of micropores and all pores, as well as the adsorption of benzene, reflecting the hydrophobicity of the surface, decrease with increasing calcination temperature; subsequent acid treatment is of little significance.
