This comprehensive review presents a thorough examination of recent advances in nanoemulsion (NE) green technology, focusing on biomass-assisted synthesis, characterization, and the diverse biomedical implications of these nanoscale emulsions. NEs, characterized by their minute droplet sizes and kinetic stability, have garnered considerable attention due to their potential applications across various biomedical fields. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art synthesis methods, including mini-emulsion polymerization, NE–solvent evaporation, spontaneous emulsification, sol–gel techniques, and innovative strategies for producing complex multicomponent materials. Emphasis is placed on the evolution of synthetic approaches, offering insights into the current landscape of NE production. In exploring the biomedical applications, the study categorizes nanocarriers formed within NEs, distinguishing between polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid nanocarriers based on their chemical composition. Noteworthy advancements in synthetic strategies are outlined for each category, showcasing the dynamic nature of NEs technology. A key highlight is the discussion of emerging trends in biomedical applications, spanning medicine, food, agriculture, cosmetics, and environmental science. Specific attention is given to the role of NEs in nanofiltration, elucidating their effectiveness in removing diverse pharmaceuticals through polyamide nano-filters. Moreover, the manuscript delves into the pivotal role of NEs in bioremediation, addressing hazardous substances such as PFASs through adsorption, photo-degradation/defluorination, and other innovative mechanisms. This review aims to provide a contemporary overview of green NE technologies, offering valuable insights for researchers, scientists, and practitioners in nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical sciences.
Analogues of tadalafil, an FDA-approved inhibitor of human phosphodiesterase 5, have been reported to block the growth of human Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Herein, we synthesized and evaluated 56 tadalafil analogues prepared as pure diastereomers. Some of the analogues showed potent antiplasmodial activity at nanomolar concentrations with selectivity indices >20-250 in vitro. Compound 33 was the most potent analogue, with an IC50 of 80 nM against cultured parasites and an IC50 > 20 μM on HeLa cells, resulting in a selectivity index >250. Several compounds were tested for potential inhibition of synthetic malaria pigment (β-hematin) formation and PfIspD (2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase); it is possible that compounds 2 and 4 act by disrupting hemozoin formation whereas none of the tested analogues acted as PfIspD inhibitors. Metabolomic profiling revealed that some analogues strongly affect hemoglobin catabolism yet principal component analysis grouped them separately, suggesting differences in their antiplasmodial mechanisms of action.
Abstract Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain YB1 is a genetically engineered obligate anaerobe with strong tumor-targeting potential. In this study, we evaluated YB1 as a delivery platform for Laz, a lipidated azurin-derived protein, using three secretion strategies: a native lipoprotein signal peptide (SPase II; YDL), a Sec-dependent secretory signal peptide (SPase I; YDN), and a Type III secretion signal (YDP). Laz expression was controlled by the aTc-inducible Pxyl/tet promoter on a pET29a backbone. To eliminate the confounding effects of metabolic burden, we constructed a TetR-matched control plasmid (named YC*) to be used as a comparator. Compared with YC*, Laz-expressing YB1 strains significantly reduced the viability of MCF-7 cells: YDL (50.69 ± 5.51%, p < 0.001), YDN (52.05 ± 4.69%, p < 0.001), and YDP (51.03 ± 3.92%, p < 0.001). This effect was dependent on induction conditions, with stronger responses observed at higher aTc concentrations. In vivo evaluation using the Ehrlich carcinoma mouse model revealed increased tumor necrosis and reduced mitotic activity in bacterially-treated groups. Among the constructs, YDL exhibited higher Laz expression and export, which was associated with more pronounced effects in vitro and consistent trends in vivo. Collectively, these findings support the feasibility of YB1-mediated Laz delivery as a bacterial delivery platform and highlight the importance of matched regulatory architecture in the design of engineered bacterial therapeutics. This study provides a functional evaluation of Laz-associated cytotoxic effects in the YB1 system while indicating areas for further investigation.
The integration of photovoltaic (PV) panels with a phase change material (PCM) represents an innovative approach for thermal energy storage and cooling of PV panels. The objective of this research is to determine the optimum fin spacing that improves the rate of heat transfer within a PCM and consequently facilitates the rapid melting of the PCMs during the sunshine time. The optimum number of fins is defined as the number of fins that is if increased by 1 result in a decrease in the melting time by less than 2%. A transient 3D numerical model has been developed to simulate the melting process of the PCMs as a function of the fin spacing using ANSYS Fluent, and the numerical results have been validated experimentally. The numerical simulations have been applied for two different types of PCMs, which are paraffin wax and the inorganic salt, calcium chloride hexahydrate. The optimum number of fins is a function of the PCM material, such that it is equal to 12 for Paraffin wax, which corresponds to a fin spacing of 1.8 cm, while in case of the inorganic salt it is 7 fins, which corresponds to a 3.3 cm spacing. The optimum number of fins is lower in case of the inorganic salt than in case of the wax, and that is due to the high thermal diffusivity of the salt, which has resulted in a faster heat transfer and melting of the inorganic salt as compared to wax for the same number of fins.
This study proposes a fast image encryption method for color images, integrating an autoencoder to compress the image and a 6D hyperchaotic system to ensure enhanced security. Initially, a hash value is obtained from the original color image. The hash value, which serves as the secret key of the proposed encryption method, is used to initialize the state variables of the hyperchaotic system, which produces six distinct pseudo-random sequences. The input image is then compressed into a latent image (lossy) using a Vision Transformer Autoencoder model. This latent image is scrambled using chaotic sequences and a Random Shuffle technique. Diffusion is achieved through the Trifid Cipher transformation, which utilizes the remaining chaotic sequences to manipulate pixel values, thereby yielding a cipher version of the latent image. The suggested technique is faster and significantly enhances security compared to the state-of-the-art methods. This method achieves an average entropy of 7.9986, a correlation coefficient close to zero $$\approx$$ 0.00004, and key sensitivity analysis gives NPCR = 99.6110% and UACI = 33.4637%. Moreover, the key space of $$2^{512}$$ confirms that the proposed scheme offers strong resistance against brute-force attacks.
