Background In the statutory health system in Germany, orthodontic treatment is determined through the KIG index system. Category D describes all malocclusions with a positive overjet. Skeletal characteristics are not recorded. The aim of this study was to analyse the dento-skeletal characteristics of patients exhibiting KIG grades D4 and D5. Additionally, the similarities and differences compared to the characteristics of Angle Class II/1 malocclusion should be identified. Methods N = 225 patients (116 female, 109 male) aged 11.41 ± 1.77 years were included in the study. The patients were classified into KIG-grades D4 or D5, respectively. An analysis of cephalometric parameters took place for both groups, which were then compared with each other. Results The cephalometric evaluation always revealed a Class II malocclusion, characterized primarily by mandibular retrognathia. The maxilla was orthognathic. Significant proclination of upper and lower incisors occurred. These characteristics were more pronounced in the D5 group: mandibular retrognathia and proclination of upper incisors were more pronounced, while dental compensation in the lower jaw was reduced. The growth pattern is predominantly horizontal in both groups. Comparison with Angle Class II/1 symptoms shows that the KIG-grade D4 and D5 patients generally fall within the known spectrum of characteristics of the Angle-Class II, division 1, but still exhibited KIG-grade specific properties. Conclusion Analysis of the KIG-grades D4 and D5 revealed a complex, multifactorial profile. Patients with KIG-grades D4 and D5 exhibit dentoskeletal characteristics that are comparable to Angle Class II/1, but with specific properties.
Individual differences in migrants' remittance behavior remain poorly understood despite their economic and social significance. This study examines whether the Big Five personality traits predict remittance sending to family and friends, using prospective longitudinal data from two ethnic minority samples of Understanding Society: the UK Household Longitudinal Study (N = 2943). Personality was measured at baseline; remittance behavior was assessed one year later and at three further occasions spanning a decade. Conscientiousness was a positive predictor of remittance sending one year later, whereas Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness were negative predictors and Agreeableness showed no significant association. The Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Extraversion associations replicated four years after the personality assessment, the Neuroticism association additionally held a decade later, and the Openness association was confined to the initial occasion. These findings establish personality as a meaningful predictor of transnational financial behavior. That duty-related Conscientiousness predicted sending while prosociality-linked Agreeableness did not is consistent with the view that remittance sending reflects duty fulfillment more than general prosocial orientation; transfers may be harder to sustain for migrants who engage strongly with the host society, as extraverted and open individuals tend to do, and for those prone to worry and financial anxiety.
Subscription models are gaining importance across retail sectors, yet a picture of consumers’ evaluations of replenishment subscriptions for regularly needed products, particularly groceries, is still lacking. Drawing on perceived value theory and technology acceptance research, this study proposes a value-risk framework for replenishment subscription adoption. It contrasts four value-related drivers (time efficiency, supply reliability, cognitive relief, and cost efficiency) with four corresponding risk-related barriers (time concerns, supply mismatch concerns, lock-in concerns, and financial concerns) and examines their effects on perceived usefulness, attitude, and ultimately usage intention. Two structural models, a ‘drivers model’ and a ‘barriers model’, were estimated using quota-representative surveys in Germany (N = 493) and the UK (N = 339), complemented by multigroup analysis. The results show that subscription evaluations are inherently ambivalent: positive and negative evaluations coexist, but drivers account for considerably more variance in perceived usefulness and attitude than barriers, while financial and supply mismatch concerns still exert strong negative effects. Convenience proves multidimensional: while cognitive relief outweighs time efficiency as a driver of perceived usefulness, distinct barrier facets also show different relevance. The cross-country comparison reveals common patterns alongside differences. Retailers are advised to communicate the benefits of subscriptions more concretely rather than through generic convenience claims. However, relying just on benefit communication is insufficient: adoption also hinges on actively mitigating perceived risks, with messaging tailored to a market’s maturity and familiarity.
We present non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations of lubricated sliding between rough, deformable surfaces under conditions representative of mixed lubrication. One aim is to reduce the gap between highly idealized simulations of smooth interfaces and real, rough, load-bearing contacts. Another aim is to determine whether favorable tribological properties of two-fluid lubrication reported for solvated hydrophilic–hydrophobic polymer-brush interfaces can also be realized in rough contacts without brushes. To this end, we compare aqueous (water), hydrocarbon (n-dodecane), and immiscible two-fluid lubrication under identical geometric conditions representing randomly rough surfaces. For the single-component lubricants, the simulations reproduce established trends: Water shows stronger speed dependence but reduced load-bearing capacity than n-dodecane, despite their similar ambient viscosities. Beyond this expected behavior, the simulations reveal that the combination of strong confinement and large height gradients can cause plug flow and thereby cavitation after asperity collisions. For a high-surface-tension liquid like water, cavitation leads to an abrupt shear-stress release on scales much exceeding the size of the cavity. Since plug motion only weakens with single-component lubricants at low speeds, the two-fluid lubricant can only leverage its potential advantages at low sliding velocities. It is also the only system in which folding lips form, occasionally developing into transient, detached clusters at high speeds.
Value change is often attributed to generational replacement. Modernization theory has popularized the idea that as younger generations expand in the population, their postmaterial emancipative values come to dominate, while more conservative values fade away with older generations. Yet this cohort-centered view discounts that contemporaneous period effects can shift the values of all cohorts simultaneously. Using data on postmaterial emancipative values from the Integrated Values Survey (1981–2022), covering 122,205 respondents in 13 countries, we conduct a bounding age–period–cohort analysis. The analysis leverages modernization theory's own assumption that age effects on emancipative values are not positive. Under this constraint, period effects are positive in seven countries and exceed cohort effects in four throughout the admissible age-effect range. In the remaining nine countries, cohort effects exceed period effects under zero or sufficiently weak negative age effects. Assuming more negative age effects mechanically strengthens period effects while weakening cohort effects. These results challenge cohort replacement as a sufficient general account of long-term value modernization, showing that the relative importance of period and cohort effects depends on the country and assumptions about aging.
