In the past few decades, electronic excitation-induced changes in BiFeO3 (BFO)-type systems have attracted a lot of attention due to their potential for modifying existing material properties and exploring applications. Dense electronic excitation led by Swift Heavy Ion (SHI) irradiation can modify the structural, optical, electrical, and magnetic properties of materials. In the present study, electronic excitation-induced modifications in the structural, microstructural, and resistive switching properties of Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD)-grown 20% Ca-doped BFO-based heterostructures using a LaNiO3 (LNO) conducting buffer layer on LaAlO3 (LAO) (100) substrates have been studied by varying the ion fluences of 5 & times; 1010, 5 & times; 1011, 1 & times; 1012, and 5 & times; 1012 ions/cm2 of 150 MeV Ag11+ ions. X-ray diffraction confirms the single-phase nature of the heterostructure along with the modulation of the structural strain with ion fluences. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements show changes in grain morphologies, including the formation of hillock-like and track-like defects after ion irradiation. Cross-sectional Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Rutherford Backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) measurements confirm the interface modifications due to ion irradiation, which play an important role in charge conduction. Interface modification, formation of oxygen vacancies, and structural defects due to SHI irradiation affect the resistive switching and charge conduction in the proposed system, which is also validated by theoretical fittings of the space charge-limited conduction mechanism. In addition, the impact of ion irradiation on the optical band gap has been understood using UV-visible spectroscopy and correlated with other results.
The increasing adoption of Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC)-based High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems necessitates advanced protection mechanisms to ensure the reliability and security of bulk power transmission networks. Conventional traveling wave protection techniques encounter considerable obstacles, such as heightened sensitivity to electromagnetic interference, issues in fault identification under varying operational conditions, and susceptibility to alterations in line parameters. To address these limitations, this paper presents a dual criterion-based traveling wave protection scheme tailored for two-terminal MMC-HVDC transmission lines. The proposed method leverages enhanced wavelet-based signal processing to mitigate noise interference and employs the amplitude ratio of forward and backward traveling waves to improve fault discrimination accuracy, even under dynamic operational conditions. Extensive simulations in PSCAD demonstrate the scheme’s effectiveness in achieving high-precision fault detection with rapid response times, particularly in scenarios involving high-frequency noise, high-impedance faults (up to 1000 Ω), asymmetrical faults, and frequency-dependent network parameters. Moreover, the suggested technique demonstrates resilience to switching transients, out of zone failures (in proximity to the relay terminal), and load fluctuations—significant problems that conventional methods find difficult to manage. A comparison analysis with conventional methodologies emphasizes considerable gains in sensitivity, dependability, and computing economy, indicating its better performance. This study enhances the resilience of protection systems for contemporary HVDC networks, targeting significant deficiencies in current techniques.
Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening, is one of the most destructive citrus diseases, caused primarily by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. Early diagnosis is difficult due to symptom similarity with nutrient deficiencies and the uneven distribution of the pathogen. Recent advances in detection include portable assays such as LAMP, RPA, ddPCR, CRISPR-based tests, and VOC profiling. Management strategies span pathogen-, host-, and vector-targeted approaches. Pathogen-focused methods include antimicrobial compounds, nanoparticle-based delivery, thermotherapy, and metal- or amino-acid–binding proteins; several therapeutics (Clidinium Bromide, Pimozide, Sulfasalazine, Folic acid) show potential. Host-level interventions include transgenic citrus expressing antimicrobial proteins (e.g., 2 S albumin) or stress- and insect-tolerance genes such as PRpnp. These integrated efforts highlight the need for scalable, sustainable solutions to protect global citrus production.
Huanglongbing (HLB, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’) is one of the most devastating pathogens in citrus domain. Here, we present the nearly complete genome sequence of a CR-NGP1 strain obtained a from symptomatic Nagpur Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) tree in the Nagpur region of Central India. High-throughput sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform generated 85.7 million paired-end reads, 63.5 million paired-end reads and 14.8 million paired-end reads for sample CLas_001, CLas_002 and CLas_003 each with 150 bp read length, respectively. Two assembly strategies were used: (i) reference-based assembly with SPAdes produced a draft genome of 1.19 Mb with assembly comprised 149 contigs, with an N50 of 14,173 bp, longest contig of 39,711 bp, and an overall GC content of 36.27
Formic acid (FA) can be synthesized via the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2, which yields dilute aqueous FA; its subsequent separation can be facilitated using cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) as a solvent. In this case, separation of CPME and FA is required. These separations are typically carried out using distillation columns, which require reliable vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data. In this study, a modified ebulliometer was employed to generate VLE data for the binary system, CPME + FA, under constant-pressure conditions in the ranges of 74.0–101.3 kPa with temperature range of 359.15-379.05 K. The experimentally measured boiling points of the pure components were compared with literature values calculated using Antoine coefficients. The binary VLE data were correlated using the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC models, and the corresponding binary interaction parameters were determined and reported. Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the binary system of CPME + FA were measured at atmospheric and sub-atmospheric pressures. VLE data were modeled using Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC models. Azeotrope for the system of CPME + FA was reported.
