Guru Gobind Singh Medical College is a government school of medicine located in Faridkot, Punjab, India. .[citation needed]Giani Zail Singh, president of India (1982–1987) was one of the few people involved in bringing the medical college to the Faridkot city, when he was the Chief minister of Punjab in 1972–1977. The first batch came to GGS Medical College Faridkot during the year 1973 for MBBS course. Since then this medical College has trained over 100 doctors each year.In year 2013, many allied health science subjects has started being taught at this medical college. One among them is Bachelor of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology (BASLP). GGS Medical College currently runs both undergraduate and postgraduate degree course and trains 10 Audiologists and Speech therapists every year. Guru gobind singh medical College and Hospital is the only govt hospital in Punjab to have M.Ch degree .
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects more than 500 million adults worldwide. Digital health interventions such as SMS, mobile applications, and telemedicine provide scalable approaches to improve glycaemic control. This systematic review and network meta-analysis assessed the effect of these interventions on HbA1c reduction in adults with T2DM compared with usual care. Methods: Following PRISMA-NMA guidelines and PROSPERO registration (CRD420251181626), we searched six databases and grey literature for RCTs from 2010 to 2025. We included 31 RCTs in narrative synthesis and 15 (∼3,500 participants) in pairwise and network meta-analyses using random-effects models. Results: DHIs significantly reduced HbA1c by a pooled mean difference of -0.37%. Subgroup analyses showed SMS interventions achieved the largest reduction (-0.48%), followed by apps (-0.24%), with lower heterogeneity for SMS. Effects attenuated over longer follow-up. Network meta-analysis indicated no significant differences between modalities, though SMS trended superior. RE-AIM assessment revealed strong reach and effectiveness but limited long-term maintenance. Conclusion: DHIs, especially SMS-based approaches, offer modest yet clinically meaningful HbA1c reductions and are scalable adjuncts to type 2 diabetes management, including in resource-limited settings.
INTRODUCTION:Teachers are critical in supporting students with epilepsy; however, validated instruments to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) are limited. This study aimed to develop and psychometrically validate the Tele-School Health-Led Epilepsy Smart Schools in India (ESSI) KAP Scale (Tele-ESSI-KAP Scale), an instrument designed to assess epilepsy-related competencies among school teachers and staff. METHODS:A multicentre, descriptive, cross-sectional Delphi study was conducted across three tertiary care centres in India. The initial 102-item pool was derived through literature review, expert consultation, and focus group discussions. Following iterative Delphi rounds, items with ≥80 % expert consensus were retained. The final instrument was translated into Hindi, Punjabi, Marathi, and Assamese using forward-backwards translation, followed by cognitive debriefing and pilot testing. Construct validity was assessed using an exploratory factor analysis, and reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS:A total of 760 school teachers participated. The final 33-item scale comprised four domains: Knowledge (10 items), Attitude (9 items), Practice (10 items), and Rescue Medicine (4 items), explaining 59.84 % of total variance. Content validity was excellent (S-CVI = 0.92). Internal consistency was high across all language versions (Cronbach's α = 0.78-0.99), and test-retest reliability demonstrated strong temporal stability (ICC = 0.71-0.99). Bland-Altman analyses showed minimal systematic bias between test and retest administrations. Cross-language correlations (r = 0.264-0.995, p < 0.001) indicated strong conceptual equivalence across translations. CONCLUSIONS:The Tele-ESSI-KAP Scale is a theory-informed, psychometrically rigorous, and culturally adaptable instrument for assessing teacher competencies in school-based epilepsy management, including emergency seizure response. It establishes a standardised framework to reduce variability in preparedness, guide targeted training, and support equitable epilepsy care within educational settings.
Background Heart failure (HF) is a growing epidemic worldwide, yet it remains underdiagnosed in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like India, where it affects an estimated 8-10 million patients. Less than 10% of these patients receive guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT), which includes ACEi, ARBs, ARNIs, BB’s, SGLT-2i, and MRAs. The lack of GDMT utilization is attributed to multiple factors like lack of proper healthcare access, limited or no HF specialists, and other socioeconomic barriers. Despite proven mortality benefits, there is significant underutilization of GDMTs which contributing to high hospitalization rates and poor outcomes in HF patients. Methods our study was a prospective, multicenter cohort study involving 7,532 HF patients (LVEF ≤40%) across 15 Indian cities enrolled between January 2020 and January 2024. A multidisciplinary team of 75 physicians including general cardiologists and primary care physicians implemented a structured intervention (1) patient education via culturally tailored material (videos/pamphlets) (2) simplified once-daily dosing regimens along with fixed dose combination drugs (3) digital reminders (text messages) and (4) community health worker led follow ups. Medication adherence was assessed via pill counts, self-reporting, and prescription renewals while multivariate regression model was used to analyze barriers to adherence (cost, side effects, health literacy). Results Baseline data revealed only 17.5 % of patients were on greater than or equal to 3 GDMT agents, with compliance rates of only 32.3% (95% CI: 28-36). Post-intervention, compliance improved to 68.4% (95% CI: 64-72; p less than 0.001), with 54.6% achieving greater than or equal to 3 GDMT agents. Key predictors of non-adherence included medication cost (OR=3.2, p=0.01), lack of transportation (OR=2.8, p=0.03), and fear of side effects (OR=2.1, p=0.04). Hospitalizations for acute decompensated HF decreased by 41.6 % (p=0.002) in compliant patients. Conclusion This study demonstrates that systematic, low-cost interventions significantly improve GDMT adherence in India’s resource-constrained settings. Scaling such strategies leveraging AI, community networks, and provider education could mitigate the HF burden amid a critical shortage of specialists. Policymakers must prioritize HF care integration into primary health systems, subsidize essential therapies, and expand task-sharing models to align with WHO NCD targets. Our study identified critical gaps in the management of heart failure in India, notably the stark underutilization of cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) devices and the suboptimal prescription rates of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), despite their proven efficacy. Additionally, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) persists as a significantly underrecognized condition within the Indian healthcare landscape, which is an issue warranting urgent attention, which we will address comprehensively in a forthcoming publication
OBJECTIVE:Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are the cornerstone of epilepsy pharmacotherapy; however, emerging evidence suggests a potential link between ASM use and neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPAEs). We aimed to synthesise observational evidence on the risk of NPAEs with ASM use in patients with epilepsy. METHODS:Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to May 2026. Primary outcomes included the occurrence of behavioural, cognitive, mood, sleep, and psychotic disorders with ASM use compared with control groups in patients with epilepsy. Where studies were sufficiently comparable, risk ratios were pooled with 95% confidence intervals using a random-effects model; otherwise, findings were summarized narratively. RESULTS:Of 6769 retrieved citations, 18 observational studies including 5151,367 patients were identified. Memory disorders were reported in 8.7%, 3.8%, and 6.2% of participants receiving first-, second-, and third-generation ASMs, respectively. Depression was reported in 2.3%, 1.2%, and 3.0%, respectively. No statistically significant difference in psychosis risk was observed between first- and second-generation ASMs (RR 0.77; 95% CI 0.34-1.76). Second-generation ASMs had a lower point estimate for psychotic disorders compared with third-generation ASMs, but this finding was borderline and imprecise, with the unrounded confidence interval crossing the null value. Topiramate demonstrated the strongest association with psychosis risk (OR 3.07; 95% CI 2.55-3.71), and levetiracetam was notably associated with higher rates of anxiety in one cohort and higher odds of suicidality in one nested case-control study. CONCLUSION:ASM use in patients with epilepsy is accompanied by a range of NPAEs, with risk varying across distinct types of ASMs. These findings support considering NPAEs in ASM selection and routine monitoring in patients with epilepsy. The observational nature of the included studies, residual confounding, heterogeneity in comparator groups, outcome definitions, and limited data on dose, duration, polytherapy, and newer ASMs limit the precision and generalizability of findings.
