Gurudas College

Besides the biological effects of COVID-19, SARS CoV2 infection can increase the risk of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric condition that affects a person’s thinking, feeling, and behaviour. The exact causes of schizophrenia are unknown. Epigenetic mechanisms, mediating environmental factors to gene expression without directly affecting the DNA sequence, are related in schizophrenia. Machine learning (ML) methods are used in genomics studies for elucidation of three-dimensional structure of chromatin in genome. In chromatin, the formation of loop in 3D structure, controls the expression of specific genes in transcription and replication level. There is a 100% sequence similarity between SARS CoV2 and human genome for seventy-one nucleotide sequence in chromosome 2. This short stretch of nucleotide sequence has been thoroughly analyzed with the help of UCSC Genome Brower. A few machine learning models for construction of 3D structure of human genome for this specific chromosomal region have been explored. In the specific chromosomal region, the presence of a protein coding gene (KCNJ3), enhancer, promoter and LTR region are identified. With the help of machine learning methods, the loop formation on the genome structure has been confirmed. Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) in this specific chromosomal region are also predicted. The loop formation along the chromosomal region facilitates the binding of RNA polymerase II and CTCF in the promoter region of KCNJ3 gene. During transcription of KCNJ3 gene, epigenetic control of this gene expression occurs through acetylation in histone protein present in nucleosome complex. Thus, the rate of gene expression of KCNJ3 gene increases, which rises the K+ concentration inside the cells, resulting in schizophrenia in COVID-19 patients.

Real-world difficulties are defined as discrete or continuous, homogeneous or non-homogeneous, linear or nonlinear, etc. of model systems. The uncertainty results in imprecise system parameters. The values of the parameters may not always be considered real numbers. The real-world system must be emulated for stochastic, interval, fuzzy, intuitionistic, and other imprecise conditions to overcome these issues. Fuzzy sets are extended to intuitionistic fuzzy sets, while it is commonly known that fuzzy differential approaches have been employed in most texts. Intuitionistic fuzzy sets theory is applied in this study to develop a more realistic epidemic model. The population is divided into four categories based on this concept: susceptible (S), exposed (E), infected (I) and recovered (R). By treating each of the coefficients in the suggested model as a distinct type of triangular intuitionistic fuzzy number, we gave all of the epidemiological parameters intuitionistic fuzziness. The intuitionistic SEIR model has been examined using different weight assignments using the Utility Function Method (UFM) technique. The study explores non-negativity, boundedness, and physiologically realistic equilibrium points - all qualitative features of the SEIR model. The stability of the suggested model system has been examined using the intuitionistic fuzzy sets notion. Using MATLAB, all of the outputs and conclusions of the suggested model have been validated both visually and quantitatively.

In today’s economy, pricing strategies and environmentally friendly practices become progressively interconnected and essential for business success. This research aims to explore how different strategies influence optimal decisions in a two-period closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) where demand depends on both the product’s price and its green level. The proposed CLSC consists of one manufacturer and one retailer. In the forward channel, the manufacturer sells products to consumers through a conventional retail channel, while in the reverse channel, used goods are collected and returned to the manufacturer for remanufacturing. To maximize profits, both parties employ two decision-making strategies: pre-announcing and dynamic (responsive) approaches. Additionally, two specific scenarios are analyzed where the manufacturer sells exclusively non-green products or only green products during the second period. The analysis reveals that the pre-announcing strategy yields higher profit with lower selling price, while the dynamic strategy results in a higher green level for the product. Furthermore, while the retailer’s profit, the overall supply chain profit, and the product return rate all increase when the supply chain shifts from green to non-green products, the manufacturer favors focusing on green products in order to maximize his own profit.

Flavonoid chrysin, obtained from different plants, has different pharmacological property, due to its antioxidative effects. But the poor bioavailability of chrysin limits its therapeutics application. In systemic circulation, chrysin can be transported by binding with serum albumin protein. Furthermore, in hepatic circulation, two chrysin metabolites e.g. chrysin-7-O-glucuronide (C7G) and chrysin-7-O-sulphate (C7S) are formed by biotransformation process in liver. By using computational methods like density functional theory (DFT) study, the antioxidant potential of these four compounds has been investigated. In this study, both the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) have been identified by using Gaussian software. The energies of these orbitals, as well as the energy gap between HOMO and LUMO, have been calculated. Using these calculations, it can be concluded that chrysin in its bound form with human serum albumin, is the best antioxidant among these four compounds. Since, it has the lowest energy gap between the calculated HOMO and LUMO. In this bound form, the cinnamoyl group present in chrysin molecule participates in the charge transfer event. The antioxidant activity by donating electrons to scavenge the free radicles, has been explained for chrysin and its derivatives. Global descriptive parameters, which describe the reactivity and stability of molecules, are calculated to highlight the electron or proton donation/acceptance of these four compounds. Antioxidant efficiency correlates strongly with electron-donating ability and stability of the resulting radical. The albumin bound chrysin is considered as best antioxidant among these four compounds for the three types of antioxidation reaction mechanisms. This finding will help us to overcome the problem regarding poor bioavailability of chrysin during its performance as antioxidant.

A series of [2x2] Iron(II) Grid-type complexes have been synthesized and characterized via Single-Crystal XRD experiments. The bis-hydrazone moiety inside the supramolecular frame has been designed to show spin-state switching of the metal centres by selective deprotonation of the N-H protons. The spin state switching behaviour has been experimentally shown in the solid as well as in the solution state with the help of solid-state magnetic measurement and paramagnetic 1H solution NMR. Diamagnetic Zn complexes have been synthesized and characterized to serve as a reference for the Iron complexes. We represent here the multi-stimuli responsive spin state switching behaviour in a series of Iron (II) Grids with varying ligand fields.