Currently, the general focus of engine-produced pollution reduction lies in exhaust gas aftertreatment methods. This paper attempts a paradigm shift in the field by applying the pre-combustion treatment technologies by fumigation method, which consists of introducing an aqueous solution into the engine intake, which could lead to a significant reduction in polluting emissions. Common and inexpensive substances used (sodium borate, citric acid, podium carbonate, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, and ammonium nitrate) in tests are not ordinarily known to be combustible. The key to the research is understanding the thermochemical phenomena during combustion. The method used was to formulate hypotheses regarding thermochemical reactions and validate them by measuring parameters and pollutant emissions (CO, CO2, NO, NO2, NOx, and smoke) of a single-cylinder engine mounted on the test stand. The results indicate that chemical fumigation leads to a significant reduction, specifically a decrease in CO by 145 ppm and NOx (NO2 and NO) by 55 ppm at an engine speed of 1500 rpm. All substances fumigated into the engine intake increased the exhaust gas temperature. The highest increase is nearly 150 °C at 1500 rpm, while the least pronounced rise is 50 °C at 3500 rpm. Additionally, a decarbonization process of a passenger car engine is presented, carried out by applying the fumigation method simultaneously with potassium permanganate and ammonium nitrate. In this case, the results showed that the opacity index decreased to 0.01 m−1.
Abstract NATO’s collective defense depends heavily on the effective integration and interoperability of its member states air defense systems. Despite significant progress in developing strategic concepts, NATO continues to face substantial technical, procedural, and political barriers to achieving full interoperability. This article explores the evolution of air defense integration within NATO, analyzing how technological limitations, organizational obstacles, and political considerations have slowed progress over the years. By examining these challenges, the paper proposes a multi-faceted approach to overcoming them, including phased upgrades of legacy systems, collaborative investment in emerging technologies, standardized information-sharing protocols, and centralized funding mechanisms. Implementing these solutions could create a unified, adaptable, and technologically compatible air defense network that enhances NATO’s collective readiness and effectively addresses modern security threats.
The development of wireless optical communication systems, along with the increasing application of laser technologies in space systems, has led to a growing interest in unguided optical communication, including within military domains. This paper presents the design and simulation of an optical receiver capable of demodulating unguided laser signals and reconstructing the original transmitted data. The first part of the paper outlines the architecture and key components of the optical receiver, intended for signals transmitted via an optical carrier modulated in frequency or position. Design principles, component selection, and system-level considerations are discussed in detail. In the second part, the receiver’s performance is evaluated through time-domain SPICE simulations. The results confirm the correct operation of the proposed circuits and provide a basis for optimizing the receiver's performance within a wireless optical communication system. The associated optical transmitter, employing a frequency- modulated laser source, was described in a previous study and complements the system presented herein
This paper explores the integration of emerging technologies, specifically radiolocation and artificial intelligence (AI), into higher military education. The study highlights the transformative potential of AI, blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), big data, and government cloud in modernizing military curricula. These technologies enhance decision-making, personalize training, and improve aerial surveillance capabilities. The paper concludes with recommendations for proactive curriculum updates, continuous investment in emerging technologies, and strategic partnerships to prepare military officers for future technological and strategic challenges.
The paper presents an application of the rapid prototyping process of the aerodynamic fiberglass and carbon fiber element for aeronautical vehicle systems without pilots, whose mold is made of extruded polyester foam or expanded polyester by hot wire cutting process. To manufacture an aerodynamic fiber element, usually a mold is required. In the case of traditional manufacturing or in the case of rapid manufacturing of a fiberglass and/or carbon fiber wing or empennage, both processes consist of layering the fiber and resin and polymerizing it in a mold, then finishing, painting, and coating, if necessary, with a protective layer. The traditional manufacturing of mold for the fiberglass or carbon fiber wing is expensive depending on the material used and is a time‐consuming process. The process presented in the paper has a working time of 8 h in laboratory conditions for obtaining an aerodynamical element with dimensions up to 1000 × 500 × 300. This would mean a much shorter time to manufacture a mold compared to the obtaining of a mold for series, which can take from several weeks to several months. In the article, the steps of the rapid manufacturing of an aerodynamic element are described, and its practical implementation is discussed in detail. A comparison is made between the traditional process and the proposed rapid manufacturing process.
