Indira Gandhi National Tribal University in Amarkantak, Anuppur district, Madhya Pradesh, India was established through an Act of Parliament, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Act, 2007, by Government of India.
Recently, Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs) has become a growing subfield of wireless ad-hoc networks that allow multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to directly connect to each other for accomplishing various military and civilian purposes. The flexible nature of this network, including the rapid movement of UAVs, low density, unpredictable topology changes, and limited energy, makes developing a trustworthy and effective routing strategy a very challenging task. Currently, most research has employed the advanced Machine Learning (ML) approach to enhance routing techniques for information dissemination, as ML ensures an effective routing solution with high message delivery, energy efficiency, and low delay. This systematic review outlines the key advantages and applications of ML technology, providing a methodical examination of various ML-based routing approaches specifically designed to enhance the performance of FANETs. This paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of diverse ML-based routing methods, examining their performance metrics, contributions, and identified areas for improvement. Finally, this paper explores the key challenges and future research directions in FANETs that motivate the researcher to apply ML techniques to overcome various challenges in highly dynamic Networks.
This study involved the chemical modification of xanthan gum to carboxymethyl xanthan (CMX) gum, which was then oxidized with periodate for different periods of time (2–10 min) to achieve different degrees of oxidation (22–31
Type 2 diabetes, driven by insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, is treated with drugs (metformin, GLP-1RAs, SGLT2 inhibitors, insulin) that lower glucose but often cause weight gain or hypoglycemia without restoring insulin sensitivity. Targeting protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B), a key negative regulator of insulin signaling, represents a promising strategy for enhancing insulin sensitivity. A novel series of 2-(heteroarylthio)acetamido-1H-benzo[d]imidazole derivatives (PD22-01–PD22-11) was synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against PTP1B. The compounds were characterized and screened using a p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP)-based enzymatic assay to determine their IC50 values. The in vitro evaluation revealed that several compounds, especially benzoxazole derivatives, exhibited moderate to potent PTP1B inhibition. Notably, compound PD22-10 ((5-nitrobenzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)thio linked) exhibited the highest potency (IC50 = 5.5 ± 1.1 µM), followed by PD22-08 ((6-chlorobenzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)thio linked, IC50 = 21.7 ± 1.6 µM), both showing markedly improved activity compared to the reference molecule (IC50 = 307.6 ± 28.4 µM). Molecular docking studies also showed that PD22-10 binds well to the catalytic pocket, with the highest docking score (82.9) of all the compounds tested. Molecular dynamics simulations (200 ns) confirmed the stability of the complex, with PD22-10 exhibiting a consistent conformation (average RMSD ≈ 1.4 Å) and indicating the most favourable binding free energy (ΔG binding = − 28.7 ± 0.3 kcal/mol), alongside the highest ligand burial (77.7
Intraspecific interactions among sibling insects may manifest as either aggressive or cooperative behaviours, shaped by environmental conditions, such as starvation, genetic relatedness, and population density. This study examined the effects of starvation duration and larval densities on different larval instars of the sub-social tortoise beetle, Aspidomorpha miliaris Fabricius. We hypothesized that fifth instar larvae would undergo premature pupation, regardless of starvation duration and that grouped larvae would exhibit higher starvation tolerance than solitary individuals. Larvae at the onset of each instar were reared under two density conditions: solitary (one larva) and grouped (three larvae) and subjected to starvation treatments of 12h and 24h. After starvation, an optimal food supply was provided until adult emergence. Results indicated significant effects of both independent factors and their interactions on larval survival, although pupal survival remained largely unaffected. Notably, second instar larvae exhibited supernumerary moulting as an adaptive response to starvation, while this phenomenon in third instars occurred only under grouped conditions. The study thus, concluded that larvae of A. miliaris thrives better in groups and can undergo supernumerary moulting under nutritional stress conditions.
The current investigation describes the first successful report on the in vitro propagation of Dillenia pentagyna Roxb., using nodal explants obtained from a mature tree. Of the four cytokinins evaluated at various concentrations, the MS medium containing 0.5 mg L−1 BAP was optimal for inducing shoots from nodal explants. A monthly subculture of mother explants on the same medium composition significantly influenced shoot multiplication, and a maximum of 8–10 shoots with a mean shoot number of 8.09 ± 0.21 were regenerated after the third subculture on MS medium containing 0.5 mg L−1 BAP. In another approach, shoots were also multiplied by separating shoot clumps along with the mother tissues, excising apical shoots, and performing repeated subcultures for different passages. Rooting in shoots was quite difficult, and in vitro rooting was obtained only in those mature shoots that were intact with the mother tissue (blackish or brownish) at the basal portion or root-shoot junction. Optimum rooting was observed on MS medium containing 2.0 mg L−1 IBA, with a 66.6
