IPB University (Indonesian: Institut Pertanian Bogor, abbreviated as IPB) is a state-run agricultural university based in the city of Bogor, Indonesia. The institute began as an agricultural school formed by the Dutch colonial regime in the early 20th century. After independence it was part of the University of Indonesia before becoming an independent institute on September 1, 1963. Dr. Arif Satria, S.P., M.Si. serves as its director.
Soil temperature (ST) plays a critical role in regulating biogeochemical processes in soils, yet its spatiotemporal mapping remains a challenge. Existing ST maps are largely derived from land-surface models and are typically available only at coarse spatial resolutions, limiting their usefulness for agricultural applications. This study aims to predict daily ST at 10-cm depth intervals from the surface to 120 cm and to generate maps at 80 m spatial resolution. We developed a differentiable model (DM) that integrates neural networks (NN) estimated surface soil temperature (SST) with a physics-based heat-transfer model. The model was trained and validated using three years of spatiotemporal ST observations from 33 monitoring sites across Tasmania, Australia (25,191 records). Our results show that the DM improved prediction accuracy relative to the purely physics-based model (PBM) and enhanced the stability and generalisability of the fully data-driven NN. Compared with fully datadriven NN models, the DM reduced prediction error by up to 25%, exhibited low variability, and performed well in soils with high soil organic carbon. By explicitly estimating SST, the DM provided a mathematically optimised upper boundary condition, resulting in smoother, more physically consistent ST profiles across depth and more reliable seasonal spatial patterns than the NN models. The SST estimates also showed coherent temporal behaviour, with lower day-to-day variability and warmer summer conditions than air temperature. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that coupling machine learning with process-based heat transfer can improve the accuracy, physical realism, and scalability of soil temperature prediction.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from fertilised oil palm (OP) systems remain poorly quantified despite their importance for regional greenhouse gas inventories and life-cycle assessments. This study measured N2O emissions following 18 fertiliser application events across 12 smallholder OP farms in Indonesia and Malaysia between 2022 and 2025. Cumulative fertiliser-induced emissions were estimated over a 21-day measurement period and used to derive N2O emission factors (EFs) for individual fertilisation events. Individual EFs ranged from 0.01% to 1.43% of applied nitrogen fertiliser (mineral and organic). To place these measurements in a regional context, results were combined with published EFs from OP systems on mineral soils in Southeast Asia (SEA). Using log-normal statistical treatment to account for the highly skewed distribution of EFs, a regional mean EF of 0.82% of applied nitrogen was derived (95% confidence interval: 0.44–1.78%). Sensitivity analyses indicated that regional EF estimates varied according to study inclusion and analytical approach, with mean values ranging from 0.51% to 1.12% of applied nitrogen. While uncertainties remain and the observational study design does not allow the independent effects of site, year, fertiliser type and management to be disentangled, the derived EF is broadly consistent with the IPCC Tier 1 default value of 1% and represents a regional estimate based on the currently available field evidence. These results contribute to a limited empirical dataset for OP systems in SEA and provide a transparent evidence base for greenhouse gas inventories, life-cycle assessments, and future evaluations of mitigation opportunities within the sector.
Alternaria alternata is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes postharvest decay in jujube and other fruits. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of quercetin against A. alternata and its impact on the pathogenicity of the fungus by transcriptomic, metabolomic, and molecular docking analyses. In vitro assays demonstrated that quercetin inhibited mycelial growth and sporulation, with a maximum inhibition rate of 46.51% at 200 mg/L. Malondialdehyde content increased by 9.5-fold, indicating lipid peroxidation. Ultrastructural observations revealed pronounced mycelial shrinkage, hyphal breakage, and cytoplasmic vacuolation. In vivo experiments showed that quercetin treatment reduced disease incidence by 48.84% and lesion area by 55.25% in inoculated jujube fruits, while preserving fruit firmness and color. Integrated omics analyses revealed that quercetin downregulated genes involved in trehalose biosynthesis (Tps1/Tps2), choline/phospholipid metabolism (CKI1/PCYT1), central carbon metabolism (HK/AMY), and the HOG-MAPK signaling pathway (Ssk2/22/Sko1/Ctt1). Molecular docking further predicted the binding of quercetin to the major allergen Alt a 1. Collectively, these findings suggest that quercetin inhibits A. alternata primarily by disrupting membrane integrity and energy metabolism, providing a basis for its use as a postharvest preservative.
This driven by the low participation of employees in the environmental CSR program at PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk through the sedekah sampah application. The core problem centers on digital communication content management strategies that overlook cross-generational demographic gaps as a determining variable for user angagement. This research utilizes a descriptive qualitative approach analyzed through the lens of the Fogg Behavior Model formula (B=M A P). The results indicate that visual content successfully triggers the motivation of active employees through the concept of alms. However, the ability chain of senior employees is disrupted due to text-heavy external promotional content formats and a lack of prompt types that facilitate action. In conclusion, corporate environmental communication management must be transformed from a one-way pattern into tactical audio-visual materials, and sustainable content production.
The increasingly competitive property industry encourages companies to implement social media-based digital marketing strategies. This study aims to analyze the digital marketing strategies of PT Hanem Solid Realtindo (Solid Realty) in increasing property sales leads through Instagram and TikTok. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method through observation, interviews, and documentation during the January–May 2026 internship period. The findings indicate that visual storytelling content, short-form videos, caption optimization, hashtag usage, and prompt responses to Direct Messages effectively improve brand awareness and customer inquiries. This study provides practical insights into the implementation of digital marketing in the property sector, particularly in the Bogor area. Keywords: digital marketing; social media; lead generation; property; brand awareness.
