上越教育大学

This study explores the question of how phoneme-specific shadowing effects are. When shadowing a vowel from another known dialect, are the effects limited to the specific vowel to which the speaker is exposed? Or does more general knowledge of the shadowed dialect have an effect on the wider vowel space? Twenty-four New Zealand English (NZE) speakers participated in a speech elicitation experiment. In the shadowing session, they repeated model speech stimuli including DRESS vowels that were produced by an American English (AmE) model talker. In the preshadowing and postshadowing sessions, they read aloud DRESS words and TRAP words. It was found that the NZE speakers increased F1 values of DRESS in the shadowing session as compared with the preshadowing session; that is, they shifted their vowel formant values towards those of the AmE model talker. Likewise, they increased the F1 values of TRAP in the postshadowing session, despite the fact that they did not repeat the model stimuli with TRAP in the shadowing session. This suggests that the imitation of AmE DRESS led to general social category activation of “American English”, which has an impact on the postexposure production of TRAP.

The reciprocality means a duality in Kirchberg algebras between K-theory groups and strong extension groups. In the paper, we will find a certain class of unital simple Exel–Laca algebras for which the reciprocal duals are simple Cuntz–Krieger algebras in terms of the underlying infinite matrices. In our procedure to obtain simple Cuntz–Krieger algebras from Exel–Laca algebras, we compute the strong extension groups for Exel–Laca algebras belonging to the class.