K.S. Saket P.G. College

Fully bio-based dynamic polyester covalent adaptable networks were synthesized through catalyst-free transesterification of carbohydrate-derived monomers, enabling a sustainable and repairable polymer platform. FTIR and swelling analyses confirm clean network formation and solvent-resistant cross-linking, while DMTA and DSC establish that the materials are amorphous with well-defined thermal transitions and composition-dependent cross-link densities. The materials retain adequate >= 93% elongation and >= 97% tensile strength after reprocessing. The networks exhibit characteristic viscoelasticity, temperature-responsive stress relaxation, and moderate activation energies associated with beta-hydroxy ester exchange. Mechanical testing demonstrates excellent resilience, with reprocessed and healed samples retaining nearly all their original tensile and thermomechanical properties. Thermogravimetric analysis confirms that the networks remain thermally stable well above the service temperature. The materials can be repeatedly reshaped, welded into seamless interfaces, autonomously healed after damage, and consistently support significant mechanical loads, underscoring their structural integrity. Collectively, these results highlight the potential of DPC-n polyesters as recyclable, reprocessable, and self-healing materials designed to meet the demands of durable and sustainable polymer applications.

This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antimutagenic, antifungal and antibacterial activities of O. sanctum leaf extracts, with particular focus on sewage water-borne antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Methanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts were prepared and evaluated for phytochemical constituents, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. The methanolic extract (OsLME) showed the highest phenolic (43.15 +/- 0.52 mg GAE g-1) and flavonoid (19.34 +/- 0.36 mg RE g-1) contents and showed the highest antioxidant activity (89.12 +/- 1.8 % inhibition at 4,000 mu g mL-1). OsLME did not show mutagenic activity in the tested Salmonella typhimurium strains and showed antimutagenic activity against known mutagens. It also showed the highest antifungal activity against Candida albicans (22.11 +/- 4.2 mm) and antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with the lowest MIC of 250 mu g mL-1 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thermal stability analysis showed a gradual reduction in bioactivity, particularly at 50 degrees C. The findings indicate that O. sanctum, especially its methanolic leaf extract, is a promising source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial potential against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

The present study documents the tri-trophic associations among aphidiine parasitoids, aphid hosts, and host plants in Uttarakhand. A total of 51 parasitoid taxa were recorded in association with 59 aphid species infesting 69 host plant species, forming 131 tri-trophic associations (triplets). Species of Aphidius were dominant, with Aphidius matricariae exhibiting the widest host range (10 triplets), while Binodoxys indicus showed the highest ecological associations (12 triplets). Diaeretiella rapae also demonstrated broad host associations. In contrast, many parasitoid taxa exhibited high host specificity, being associated with only a single aphid and host plant species. Among aphids, Aphis gossypii showed the greatest ecological diversity, forming 10 triplets, followed by Brachycaudus helichrysi and Sitobion miscanthi with 7 triplets each. Most aphid species, however, displayed narrow ecological associations. Among host plants, Cestrum nocturnum and Rosa spp. supported the highest number of triplets (7 each), while economically important brassicaceous and cereal crops harboured several parasitoid-associated aphid species. Overall, the study reveals considerable diversity and complexity in aphidiine parasitoid-aphid-host plant interactions in Uttarakhand, comprising both highly specialised and broadly polyphagous species. The findings provide valuable baseline information for ecological studies, biodiversity assessment, and biological control programmes in Himalayan agroecosystems.

we live in society. Our identity is determined by our society. This identity is shaped by the consequences of success or failure in different context of life. We have need to follow to shared values system of our society. These shared common values known as culture. These values are guiding rules for common people in society. This culture is not universal in world level. These values varies from one culture to another culture. Thus the concept of good and bad varies from one culture to another culture. As we know that” psychology is the science of behavior”1. (Watson,J.B.1913). So here basic question is that what is abnormal behavior? On the basis of review literature we can say that abnormal are those who deviated from commonly accepted pattern of thoughts, emotions or behavior. Generally abnormal behavior deviate from societal norms and causes distress and dysfunction. The main causes of abnormal behavior are biological and psychosocial. Some important abnormal behavior or mental disorder are anxiety disorder, Phobia, Obsessive- compulsive disorder. Depression, Bipolar disorder. Paranoid disorder, Somatoform- disorder, Post –traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), Schizophrenia etc. Generally Psychotherapy and medication are applied for treatment of abnormal behavior.

Heritage cities face a big challenge: they need solar energy, but they also need to ensure that they retain the look and feel that make them special. Most studies on solar energy have only concentrated on the technical aspects, ignoring the cultural and social factors that are also very important in heritage cities. This study, however, has come up with a Tri-Layered Assessment Model (TLAM) that will help assess solar energy potential in heritage cities, with a case study of the heritage city of Ayodhya in the state of Uttar Pradesh.How does this work? Well, the TLAM will assess factors such as urban planning, technical solar potential, heritage sensitivity, and social acceptability, among others. This is done through a combination of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). The data is also based on studies done by NASA POWER, PVGIS, Uttar Pradesh’s Solar Energy Policy 2022, records of the Ram Mandir’s architectural design, and tourism data.The data is very promising. The city of Ayodhya receives a solar irradiance of 5.3 to 5.5 kWh/m²/day, which translates to an average of 1,650 to 1,750 kWh/kWp every year from solar panels. This is very good news, since 35% to 40% of the district is highly suitable for solar panel installation.However, heritage cities are not all the same, and this is where the TLAM comes in. It has divided the city of Ayodhya into three zones, namely the Sacred Core (Zone A), the Transition Zone (Zone B), and the Modern Expansion (Zone C). Each of these zones will need a different strategy, ranging from integrating solar energy with the existing design to installing solar panels in the less sensitive zones.TLAM is a guideline for policymakers and planners, which will help them ensure that they increase solar energy potential without losing the heritage character of the city. This is a very good example of how heritage cities can increase solar energy without losing their heritage character.