The article analyzes the problem of linguistic description of internal states in the context of lexical and grammatical conceptualization. The study focuses on the material of predicatives which are interpreted by the author as a hybrid semanticofunctional class of words including the category of state, as well as nominal predicative lexemes and some meanings of the words of various parts of speech. The aim of the work is to show the theoretical prerequisites of such conceptualization and the possible ways of expressing the semantics of internal states in the language. The descriptive-analytical method, accompanied by elements of statistical analysis and lexicographic description, is the main research method in the article. The study is based on the texts of classical and modern Russian-language fiction, including online literature, data from the National Corpus of the Russian Language, explanatory dictionaries, as well as examples of word usage registered in the live speech of native speakers and Internet materials. The problem of internal states conceptualizing is presented as a kind of spiral movement: language uses lexical and grammatical means to form a stable class of states, and the text generation mechanisms, including the "speaker's grammar," conceptualize such units as syncretic. This applies to both experiential states within the framework of the canonical category of state and beyond and evaluative predicatives with the semantics of perfect evaluation. Thus, internal states are described as a phenomenon constructed by language according to certain models and formalized as a lexico-grammatical class (category of state / predicative). The sphere of states as a phenomenon of language (and not mental reality) involves (primarily due to the influence of grammatical transformation mechanisms) various peripheral types of meanings, primarily evaluative names and predicatives with a perceptual and/or evaluative semantic component. The data obtained make it possible to clarify the conceptual and grammatical characteristics of a class of predicatives of the Russian language, as well as the semantic classes of "states" and "properties / qualities". The results of the study make a definite contribution to the semantic typology of predicates and can be used in teaching courses of modern Russian literary language, as well as in conducting special courses in functional grammar and cognitive syntax.
Problems associated with crime and caused by its public danger have long attracted the attention of scholars of different specialties who strive to explain its numerous regular features with the purpose of future prevention. A vast amount of statistical, research and other data have been accumulated in the past decades; their analysis makes it possible to trace the transformation of the scientific cognition of the concept and contents of crime and, consequently, to substantiate the authors' approach in accordance with the demands of a scientific doctrine. At the current stage of criminology's development, researchers substantiate numerous original approaches to the definition of crime which, while preserving their scientific value, require unification. Research methods (analysis, historicism, comparative-legal) were used to achieve this goal. The method of historicism allowed the authors to formulate some conclusions based on scientific and factual data accumulated by several generations, while taking into account normative legal acts at a certain stage of the development of state and law, viewed in their logical development. The comparative-legal method was used to compare and analyze the achievements of Russian and foreign scientific doctrines, including those developed in the post-Soviet countries, as well as the practical work of Russian and foreign law enforcement bodies connected with the processing of statistical data on the quantitative characteristics of registered crimes. The use of analysis made it possible to determine and study the features of crime as a systemic-structural phenomenon. As a result, the examination of Russian criminological doctrine from the standpoint of historicism allowed the authors to identify three time periods that differ in their understanding of crime. Differences in crime contents in research and practical work were established, which became one of the foundations for singling out the levels of crime cognition aimed at the systematization of modern scientific knowledge. The authors present their own definition of crime as a social-legal phenomenon manifested in the system that consists of an aggregate of publicly dangerous actions prohibited by criminal law.
Children’s theater is a vital component of the dramatic art. It is a unique world within the world of theater, with its own specific characteristics, essence, semantics, and mission. To effectively organize professional activities related to children’s theater, it is essential to understand certain key aspects of children’s thinking. This article, drawing on contemporary and classical Russian philosophy and literature, reveals the essential features of children’s worldview, which are not only psychological but also spiritual and metaphysical in nature. These features are as follows:Childhood as a fully-fledged spirituality; 2. Childhood as a miracle and mystery; 3. Childhood as holiness; 4. Childhood and the sacrament of motherhood; 5. The suffering of children. These features allow for a more profound understanding of the phenomenon of children’s worldview and should be taken into account in the work of children’s directors, so that theatrical productions are appropriate primarily for children themselves, not for adults.
There is currently a steady decline in the health and physical activity levels of young people, making improving their physical fitness for military service a pressing research challenge. Kickboxing provides comprehensive physical development and simulates real combat conditions, which is especially important for future military personnel. However, there are insufficient programs based on it, tailored to the needs of high school students with their declining health. Purpose of the study: to develop an experimental exercise complex based on kickboxing methods and to test its effectiveness in improving the physical fitness of pre-conscription-age young men. Results and discussion. Elements of kickboxing were included in physical education sessions with the experimental group: at the first stage the technique of basic strikes, blocks and evasions was mastered; at the second stage the coordination complexity of the tasks was increased (elements were combined into offensive and defensive combinations); at the third stage combat tactics were studied in depth, pair and trio work was introduced, and sparring with protective equipment was used. As a result of implementing the developed exercise complex in the experimental group, the sit-up (trunk-raising from supine) test improved by 11.67%, the 60 m run by 9.18%, the 2000 m run by 7.38%, pull-ups from a dead hang on a high bar increased by 31.25%, and the forward bend from a standing position on a bench improved by 23.83%. All differences were confirmed by statistical analysis. In the control group the gains were lower, averaging from 3.45% to 19.28%. Conclusions. Thus, the use of kickboxing methods in the physical training of pre-conscription youth contributes to improved physical fitness and can be used when organizing physical culture classes for young men of pre-conscription age.
The study aims to uncover the intertextual links between Erich Maria Remarque’s lesser-known short story “Karl Broeger in Fleury” (1930) and Dante Alighieri’s “The Divine Comedy”. Although literary scholars have repeatedly examined Dante’s influence on German literature (from the era of J. W. Goethe onward), the identification of a Dantean subtext in the oeuvre of one of the most famous 20th-century German anti-fascist writers has not yet been undertaken. The article examines the transformation of the Dantean model of the journey, which underlies the plot of the Comedy, in E. M. Remarque’s short story “Karl Broeger in Fleury”. The scientific novelty lies in the first comparative analysis of E. M. Remarque’s early work within the framework of the Dantean intertext. The analysis of Remarque’s work through the prism of Dante’s Comedy reveals that Remarque not only creatively reworks the Dantean architectonics of Hell, but also transposes it (while significantly transforming, de-elevating, and fragmenting it) into the space of historical memory of the First World War. This analysis both points to an intellectual dialogue between the two authors and offers a fresh interpretation of Remarque’s early writing, including the story “Karl Broeger in Fleury”.
