Tube orientation is an important consideration in the design of compact heat exchangers because condensation performance in inclined tubes depends on the interplay of gravity, interfacial shear, and liquid-film redistribution. Although inclination effects on condensation heat transfer have been reported, few studies relate the gravity-to-shear transition to changes in film distribution, HTC, and pressure gradient for R32 condensation at intermediate orientations. The present study numerically examines the condensation of R32 at 11 inclination angles (β = −90° to +90°, where negative β represents upward flow and positive β represents downward flow) in a 5 mm smooth tube using the VOF method along with the SST k−ω turbulence model. Simulations are performed at a saturation temperature of 50 °C for mass fluxes of 200 and 400 kg/(m².s), and the modified Froude number (Frso) is used as a gravity–shear regime indicator to interpret the inclination sensitivity of the simulations. The inclination effect is most pronounced at low vapor qualities and mass fluxes: HTC decreases by about 37% from β = −90° to +90° at G = 200 kg/(m².s) and χ = 0.3. Increasing mass flux reduces HTC sensitivity to inclination and weakens film redistribution and pressure-gradient variation, though strong downward inclinations can still cause pressure recovery at low vapor quality. The results of the dimensionless Froude-number analysis indicate that inclination sensitivity decreases as mass flux and vapor quality increase, consistent with the the existing Dobson–Chato criterion (Frso ≈ 20) for the transition from gravity-influenced to shear-dominated condensation.
This research intends to analyze the impact of big data analytics capability (BDAC) toward supply chain innovation (SCI) and competitive advantage (CA) where green supply chain management (GSCM) performs the moderating role. A theoretical model was created, and hypotheses were formulated to investigate the links between these variables. Data collection was carried out through a survey of supply chain managers in manufacturing plants in Bangladesh. Total 341 valid responses were collected and analyzed with the method of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in WarpPLS. The findings of the study offer insights into how business can use BDAC to achieve SCI and CA. The results indicate that BDAC has a potential impact regarding a firm’s ability to enhance CA and SCI. Moreover, the moderating function of GSCM was examined, which was found to be a significant influence on one of these relationships. However, the industry age as a control variable was found to have no apparent impact on SCI or CA. The study also establishes the critical role of SCI in turning analytical skills into competitive results and partially mediates the relationship between BDAC and CA. In sum, this research illustrates how businesses can employ data-driven skills to increase productivity in complex and dynamic supply chain environments against the backdrop of a case study.
Cyclone shelters are an essential infrastructure for coastal communities, but their effectiveness depends on strategic location and availability within the community. This study assesses the adequacy of cyclone shelter capacity in the district of Khulna in Bangladesh, one of the most cyclone-prone regions in the world, by integrating Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with GIS and remote sensing technologies. The multi-criteria decision analysis framework used AHP to systematically weight nine spatial vulnerability factors based on expert judgement of disaster management experts and achieved acceptable consistency (CR = 1.56
In this study, a unidirectional jute fiber-reinforced composite was fabricated using silica (SiO2) powder as a filler within a resin matrix. The unidirectional jute fiber mat was woven on a custom-designed handloom using 0.5 mm diameter jute yarn. Six different composites were fabricated with varying SiO2 filler contents of 0
Abstract Soft clay soils, prevalent in coastal and alluvial regions worldwide, exhibit low shear strength, high compressibility, and poor drainage, posing major challenges for construction. Geotextile-encased sand columns (GESC) offer an effective ground improvement technique by enhancing load-carrying capacity, stiffness, and drainage. A series of small-scale undrained triaxial tests was performed to examine the mechanical response of both ordinary sand columns (OSC) and GESCs, with a focus on the effects of column diameter, area replacement ratio, and cell pressure. Each test comprised saturation, isotropic consolidation under cell pressures of 50, 100, and 150 kPa, and subsequent undrained axial shearing at a constant displacement rate of 0.02 mm/min. Results show that the GESC increased the composite friction angle from 27° for unimproved soil to 30° at a 25% area replacement ratio. The peak stress ratio relative to unimproved soil was consistently higher for GESC (1.69) than for OSC (1.57) at the same area ratio, due to the additional confining stress provided by the encasement, showing about 20% greater settlement reduction compared to the OSC. An increase in the area replacement ratio from 6 to 25% resulted in an approximately 62.5% reduction in the average additional confining stress. While OSC primarily failed by bulging, GESC promoted a more favorable shear failure and reduced bulging deformation. Consolidation times were slightly longer for GESC (about 32% longer at 25% area ratio) due to clogging, but still achieved 430% faster consolidation than unimproved soil. Overall, GESC provide enhanced confinement and stability, making an effective solution for soft clay foundations.
