Copper oxide (CuO) and samarium (Sm) doped CuO thin films have been deposited using the spray pyrolysis technique at normal atmosphere at a deposition temperature of 380 °C. Several characterizations have been performed to reveal the microstructure, morphology, and optoelectronic properties of the deposited films. XRD analysis ensures that the deposited films are polycrystalline and they possess a monoclinic phase of cupric oxide that shows preferential growth along the (-111) and (111) planes. SEM images reveal that the deposited CuO films have spherical grains, and the size changes with Sm doping. EDX analysis confirms that the deposited films contain the desired copper (Cu), oxygen (O), and samarium (Sm) elements. The overall optical transmittance of CuO changes with Sm doping, and the lowest optical band gap energy (1.35 eV) has been found for 3
PurposeIntegration of lean manufacturing and Industry 4.0 (I4) has been a discussable topic for some years now. Integration of these two can have a synergetic effect on the system. Previous research presented conceptual frameworks for integrating lean into I4 but lacked a systematic framework. This study aims to focus on proposing a systematic framework to approach I4 from lean manufacturing.Design/methodology/approachAssembly line data collected from an industry was used to create seven simulation models using ARENA software. Two lean tools - root cause analysis and assembly line balancing have been used to identify the source of defects and unevenness in the production line, with and without automation and I4.FindingsThe quantified study proves the validity of the systematic framework. This framework can be applied in all industries that are thinking of implementing I4.Originality/valuePrevious research presented conceptual frameworks for integrating lean into I4 but lacked a systematic framework. This study focuses on proposing a systematic framework to approach I4 from lean manufacturing.
Oscillating Water Column (OWC) systems remain one of the most promising technologies for ocean energy harvesting by offering structural simplicity, low maintenance, and adaptability. This review selectively focuses on the most recent advancements across the key components of OWC systems over the past few years. It highlights recent developments in chamber design geometry but gives greater emphasis on turbine performance enhancement along with control system optimization. Self-rectifying air turbines, especially Wells turbine, Impulse turbine and their advanced variants with discussion of their aerodynamic efficiency, stall mitigation, and hybrid configurations have gained special focus. In terms of control, the review explores and critically examines the transition from traditional PID-based strategies to more robust control techniques such as Sliding Mode Control (SMC), Adaptive Proportional-Integral-Derivative (Adaptive PID), and Adaptive Model Predictive Control (AMPC) under nonlinear and irregular wave conditions. Rather than offering a historical summary, this review prioritizes recent research contributions, performance analysis and emerging techniques inthe turbine and control side, with necessary technical explanation. A key outcome of this review is the identification of unresolved challenges in turbine-chamber interaction, airflow losses due to blade tip clearance and vortex effects, optimizing stall mitigation technique, lack of established complex models, and real-time control strategies to completely omit chattering. While specifying the open challenges, this paper also outlines potential research directions including geometry-control co-optimization and adaptive strategies under non-linear wave conditions, as outcome. By accumulating recent findings, this review offers a technical roadmapfor guiding the next generation of high-efficiency, real time adaptive OWC technologies under real sea conditions.
Multi-agent systems achieve state-of-the-art outcomes through peer collaboration. However, when an agent in the pipeline silently drops a constraint, the system's final output may look correct even though the reasoning chain was quietly corrupted, and existing outcome-based evaluations are blind to such multi-hop process failures. To make these vulnerabilities measurable before deployment, we introduce AgentCollabBench, a diagnostic benchmark of 900 human-validated tasks spanning software engineering, DevOps, and data engineering. Each task isolates one of four behavioral risks: instruction decay (does a constraint survive peer pressure?), false-belief contagion (does a falsehood spread through consensus?), context leakage (does information bleed between tasks?), and tracer durability (does marked data reach the final agent?). Evaluating four modern LLMs (GPT 4.1 mini, Gemini 2.5 Flash Lite, Qwen-3.5-35B-A3B, and Llama 3.1 8B Instruct), we expose model-specific vulnerability profiles invisible to outcome-only evaluation; Qwen-3.5-35B-A3B, for example, leads on tracer durability and instruction stability, while GPT 4.1 mini leads on leakage containment and false-belief resistance. Beyond per-model differences, communication topology emerges as a primary risk factor that explains 7-40
Hydrogen (H2) storage has gained significant popularity over the past years, following the increasing need to find an alternative source of energy. Perovskite hydrides have been considered as an excellent prospective hydrogen storage and hydrogen production technology. Structural, hydrogen storage capacity, mechanical, thermodynamic, and electronic properties of XZrH3 (X = Mg, Ca, Sr) in this study are systematically studied by density functional theory (DFT). The negative formation enthalpies (-0.11,-0.29, and-0.26 eV) combined with the calculated tolerance factors (0.804, 0.901, and 0.932), which lie within the range of cubic perovskites, prove the chemical stability of such hydrides. Gravimetric and volumetric capacity measurements have been used to assess hydrogen storage capacity, giving gravimetrically 2.550, 2.251, and 1.662 percent, while volumetric capacities reach 87.13, 78.45, and 72.01 g L-1 of MgZrH3, CaZrH3, and SrZrH3, respectively. Elastic constants satisfy Born-Huang criteria, with bulk moduli ranging from 59 to 68 GPa, indicating good mechanical resilience; CaZrH3 exhibits the highest rigidity (B = 68.72 GPa, G = 42.40 GPa) and a Debye temperature of 551 K. Secondary features, including melting temperature, elastic wave velocities, were also predicted using these elastic parameters, and they all supported the hydrides' stability at high temperatures. Healthy thermal stability under harsh conditions is demonstrated by thermodynamic measures like volume, bulk modulus, and thermal expansion, suggesting that they are stable under pressure and temperature changes. Analysis of electronic properties shows that MgZrH3, CaZrH3, and SrZrH3 are all metallic conductors. Comprehensively, these findings make MgZrH3, CaZrH3, and SrZrH3 stable and efficient in their use as hydrogen storage. This paper presents the first report of a hybrid DFT and molecular dynamics simulation of an alkaline-earth zirconium hydride XZrH3 (X = Mg, Ca, Sr), demonstrating their enhanced structural thermodynamic stability over AeVH3 systems previously reported. Their high metallic conductivity, high lattice stability to 1500 K, and moderate hydrogen release capacity make them the material of choice in solid-state hydrogen storage and high-temperature energy storage.
