Off grid renewable systems on remote coasts lean on storage to bridge long spells of weak solar and wind, yet mechanical and electrochemical storage are rarely tested side by side under the same conditions. This work assesses seawater pumped hydro storage (PHS) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries inside a standalone system for Rangabali, Bangladesh, and routes surplus renewable energy that would otherwise be dumped into a reverse osmosis plant treated as a priority-dispatched, shiftable load. Both options were sized for the same community and water loads under cycle charging and load following dispatch using NSGA-II, NSGA-III, MOGWO, and MOSSOA, then ranked by a two stage Fuzzy TOPSIS framework on cost, lifecycle emissions, reliability, excess energy utilization, and job creation. The PV/WT/DG/PHS configuration under load following dispatch ranked first with a cost of energy of 0.2452 $/kWh and a loss of power supply probability of 4.928% while supplying 2821.6 MWh of electricity per year. Holding the diesel generator to 894 h/year kept lifecycle emissions at 0.1632 × 106 kg of CO₂ equivalent per year, a 97% cut against a conventional baseline, and 272.24 MWh/year of surplus produced 62,154.82 m3 of freshwater; the RO plant and storage together used 57.77% of all surplus generation (excess energy utilization factor). The LFP bank recovered energy at 95% round trip efficiency against 70% for PHS, but its 15-year life and heavy embodied carbon left its own storage-related emissions nearly 50 times above PHS's, even though whole-system lifecycle emissions differed by less than a factor of two between the top-ranked configuration of each technology. A Monte Carlo analysis of 10,000 runs returned a mean cost of energy of 0.2031 $/kWh with narrow dispersion when demand was sampled 10% to 50% above the design load with capacity held fixed.
Data centers (DCs) are becoming some of the most energy-intensive and grid-influential infrastructures in modern power systems, driven by the explosive growth of artificial intelligence (AI) workloads, cloud computing, and data-intensive digital services. Conventional facilities were designed primarily for reliable computing service delivery, but high-density AI workloads and fast load transients now demand more flexible and controllable energy-computing integration. Grid-interactive data centers (GDCs) provide a pathway for this transition by coordinating computational workloads, energy storage, renewable generation, cooling infrastructure, and grid-facing control functions. However, existing studies continue to address energy management, workload flexibility, demand response, power quality, dynamic load modeling, and ancillary-service participation as largely disjoint research streams. To address this fragmentation, this review provides a systems-level synthesis of next-generation GDCs for sustainable and resilient energy systems. It traces the evolution from conventional and energy-aware data centers to AI-optimized DCs and next-generation GDCs. The review identifies key enabling technologies, including grid-forming interfaces, flexible workload scheduling, distributed energy storage systems, AI-based control, digital twins, and cybersecurity, and introduces a six-layer GDC architecture that integrates physical infrastructure, energy systems, communication and control, intelligence and co-optimization, grid interfaces, and stakeholder-market interaction. The review further examines operational management strategies, grid integration challenges, sustainability metrics, and deployment barriers, and highlights digital-twin-based operation, coordinated smart inverters, and fast multi-timescale optimization frameworks as critical research directions for future GDC deployment.
Copper oxide (CuO) and samarium (Sm) doped CuO thin films have been deposited using the spray pyrolysis technique at normal atmosphere at a deposition temperature of 380 °C. Several characterizations have been performed to reveal the microstructure, morphology, and optoelectronic properties of the deposited films. XRD analysis ensures that the deposited films are polycrystalline and they possess a monoclinic phase of cupric oxide that shows preferential growth along the (-111) and (111) planes. SEM images reveal that the deposited CuO films have spherical grains, and the size changes with Sm doping. EDX analysis confirms that the deposited films contain the desired copper (Cu), oxygen (O), and samarium (Sm) elements. The overall optical transmittance of CuO changes with Sm doping, and the lowest optical band gap energy (1.35 eV) has been found for 3
PurposeIntegration of lean manufacturing and Industry 4.0 (I4) has been a discussable topic for some years now. Integration of these two can have a synergetic effect on the system. Previous research presented conceptual frameworks for integrating lean into I4 but lacked a systematic framework. This study aims to focus on proposing a systematic framework to approach I4 from lean manufacturing.Design/methodology/approachAssembly line data collected from an industry was used to create seven simulation models using ARENA software. Two lean tools - root cause analysis and assembly line balancing have been used to identify the source of defects and unevenness in the production line, with and without automation and I4.FindingsThe quantified study proves the validity of the systematic framework. This framework can be applied in all industries that are thinking of implementing I4.Originality/valuePrevious research presented conceptual frameworks for integrating lean into I4 but lacked a systematic framework. This study focuses on proposing a systematic framework to approach I4 from lean manufacturing.
Oscillating Water Column (OWC) systems remain one of the most promising technologies for ocean energy harvesting by offering structural simplicity, low maintenance, and adaptability. This review selectively focuses on the most recent advancements across the key components of OWC systems over the past few years. It highlights recent developments in chamber design geometry but gives greater emphasis on turbine performance enhancement along with control system optimization. Self-rectifying air turbines, especially Wells turbine, Impulse turbine and their advanced variants with discussion of their aerodynamic efficiency, stall mitigation, and hybrid configurations have gained special focus. In terms of control, the review explores and critically examines the transition from traditional PID-based strategies to more robust control techniques such as Sliding Mode Control (SMC), Adaptive Proportional-Integral-Derivative (Adaptive PID), and Adaptive Model Predictive Control (AMPC) under nonlinear and irregular wave conditions. Rather than offering a historical summary, this review prioritizes recent research contributions, performance analysis and emerging techniques inthe turbine and control side, with necessary technical explanation. A key outcome of this review is the identification of unresolved challenges in turbine-chamber interaction, airflow losses due to blade tip clearance and vortex effects, optimizing stall mitigation technique, lack of established complex models, and real-time control strategies to completely omit chattering. While specifying the open challenges, this paper also outlines potential research directions including geometry-control co-optimization and adaptive strategies under non-linear wave conditions, as outcome. By accumulating recent findings, this review offers a technical roadmapfor guiding the next generation of high-efficiency, real time adaptive OWC technologies under real sea conditions.
