This work investigates the subject of wormholes with spherical symmetry in a recently proposed curvature-based gravitational framework, namely the & Fouriertrf;(R,Lm,T) theory. This framework has gained much popularity due to its promising feature of direct/indirect matter and curvature interaction. As a first case, we assume the background matter as anisotropic fluid along with a particular wormhole shape model and perform the graphical analysis of the respective energy constraints. This graphical examination is conducted by considering two choices of redshift function: constant and variable radial-dependent forms. Possible constraints on the model parameters are then listed, which refer to the validity of energy bounds. Further, by taking isotropic fluid and a specific EoS parameter as separate cases, the form of the wormhole shape function is computed for both constant and variable redshifts. To comprehend the proposed wormhole geometries, basic axioms regarding wormhole shape models are verified for each case. Further, some crucial measures like complexity factor, total and active gravitational energies, and volume integral quantifier are examined graphically and the 2D as well as 3D embedding visualizations are also provided. Lastly, to reveal the stability of these solutions, we examine the behavior of TOV forces, adiabatic index and speed of sound parameters graphically. It is found that wormhole solution corresponding to isotropic fluid does not satisfy the basic wormhole criteria while the solutions, in other two cases, exhibit valid and physically stable behavior.
Climatic variability threatens crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. This study evaluates the impacts of climatic variability and large-scale teleconnections on Rice and Wheat crops production. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from Landsat data (1994–2023) was used to monitor Crop phenology, precipitation from the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) and temperature from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis-5 (ERA5) were used in Random Forest Regression (RFR) model, bias-corrected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) historical (1994–2014) and future (2021–2100) SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios were used to assess projected crop production and teleconnections indices were correlated with crop production. Maximum Rice and Wheat crop cultivated area was 350,000 and 460,000 hectares for Gujranwala and Bahawalnagar respectively. Minimum RMSE was 0.10 and 0.09 hectares for Rice and Wheat crops respectively with CC value of 0.76. Maximum production of Rice and Wheat crops was observed in Gujranwala and Bahawalnagar districts as 650,000 and 1,550,000 (tonnes) with CD of 0.81 and 0.84 respectively using RFR model from 2021 to 2100. The SSP5-8.5 in the period of 2081–2100 showed high temperature ( 29 °C) from 2081 to 2100 in South Punjab and Upper Sindh regions while high precipitation ( 135 mm/month) in Central Punjab region. The significant influence of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) was observed with the Rice and Wheat crops production in all three regions. Linking teleconnection driven climate anomalies with crop production supports improved agriculture management and climate adaptation strategies in Pakistan.
The optimization of composite metal sulfides represents an effective strategy for enhancing supercapacitor performance. In this study, nickel-cobalt sulfide (Ni-Co sulfide) nanoparticles were synthesized through a simple co-precipitation method by systematically varying the concentrations of the metal precursors, resulting in the formation of small and stable nanoparticles. Variations in synthesis parameters significantly influenced the particle size, structural characteristics, and optical properties. Comprehensive characterization was carried out to assess particle size distribution, stability, and optical behavior. Parameter optimization led to marked improvements in both the stability and electrochemical performance of the Ni-Co sulfide nanoparticles. The optimized material exhibited excellent supercapacitor performance, delivering a specific capacitance of 797 F g-1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1. Furthermore, a high specific power of 520 W kg-1 and a specific capacitance of 1335 F g-1 were achieved at 2 A g-1, along with 99.52% capacitance retention, indicating strong cycling stability. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed a very low charge transfer resistance (0.024 Omega), indicating faster interfacial charge transfer. In addition, computational studies were performed to better understand the underlying charge transfer mechanism. The enhanced performance is attributed to improved electrical conductivity and the increased availability of electrochemically active surface sites. Overall, this study establishes a systematic parameter-optimization approach for tuning composite metal sulfide nanostructures to maximize electrochemical efficiency. The findings highlight the strong potential of Ni-Co sulfide nanoparticles as high-performance electrode materials for practical and sustainable energy storage applications.
Malaria is a disease that affects people throughout the global South and has a major impact on public health. The distribution of disease is influenced by global warming. Proposed solar geoengineering (SG), through aerosol injection, is a hypothetical climate intervention intended to temporarily counteract global warming by reflecting and absorbing a portion of incoming solar radiation. Using Entomological Inoculation Rate (EIR) as a quantitative measure of malaria transmission under the G6sulfur scenario of SG, this study investigates the projected spatio-temporal characteristics of malaria distribution in seven of South Asia's most climate vulnerable countries (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Nepal and Pakistan). Furthermore, for comparative analysis, future projections of EIR are examined under a Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenario (SSP585) without SG. According to the outcomes of a dynamical malaria model, the spatial distribution patterns of EIR under the SG G6sulfur scenario show a general decline in the distribution of malaria over South Asia between 2020 and 2090 as compared to the SSP585 scenario. Malaria's regional spatial distribution is expected to significantly reduce over Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. While the decline in EIR is less severe, it is still noticeable in Afghanistan, Iran and Nepal.
Irrational application of propiconazole in agriculture poses serious environmental concerns due to its toxicity and persistence in soil. This study investigates the degradation potential of Serratia marcescens strain BM-Q and explores the key pathways involved in the degradation process through annotation and comparative analysis of whole genome. Strain BM-Q exhibited high tolerance to propiconazole (3000 µg/mL) and a decline in total soluble protein was observed in BM-Q under propiconazole stress, decreasing from 101.16 µg mL⁻¹ in the control to 41.53 µg mL⁻¹ at the 25× concentration. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that the concentration of propiconazole decreased from 100 mg/kg at day 0 to 69.06 mg/kg within 40 days, corresponding to 30.94
