Konrad Wolf Film University of Babelsberg

Image-based social media platforms like Instagram offer adolescents fertile ground for expressing multiple selves. On Instagram, adolescents are also confronted with the social norms of their peers' self-presentation. Based on an experimental vignette study with Instagram users aged 14 to 16 in Germany (N = 454), we investigated how the descriptive norms of staged self-presentation-"Keep it perfect"-and authentic self-presentation-"Keep it real"-influence adolescents' expression of the actual, ideal, and hidden selves in Instagram Stories. Additionally, we tested whether adolescents' personal norms for presenting themselves authentically on Instagram, their selfconcept clarity, gender, and the visibility of the Instagram Story moderate the influence of descriptive norms on the expression of selves. We found no effects of exposure to the staged or authentic self-presentation norm on the expression of multiple selves and no moderating effects. However, additional analyses showed that the personal norm to present oneself authentically on Instagram and self-concept clarity had a direct effect on the expression of multiple selves. We discuss potential reasons why the descriptive norms and moderators had no effect and derive theoretical and practical implications from the results.

Media use varies between persons (person-specific variation) and within persons (situation-specific variation, that is, the same individual uses media differently across situations). Understanding the relative importance of these two levels of variation in media use is fundamental to theory building as it helps determine whether theories of media use should focus on person- or situation-specific factors. To examine the relative importance of person- versus situation-specific variation in media use, we conducted a meta-analysis of self-reported data from studies using repeated in situ measurement designs (28 studies with 150 media use measures). The results showed that about two-thirds of the variance in media use was situation-specific. This suggests that the situation level is of high relevance for understanding and measuring media use. Theoretically, situation-specific factors are key in explaining whether, how long, and how often individuals use media. Methodologically, our results call for in situ designs repeatedly measuring media use across situations.

Social media platforms such as Instagram and Snapchat offer adolescents many opportunities to control how other users see and perceive them. By observing their peers’ self-presentations and receiving feedback on their own self-presentations from them, adolescents learn what is typical (descriptive norms) and appropriate (injunctive norms) on different social media platforms. Based on computer-assisted face-to-face surveys with German Instagram and/or Snapchat users aged between 14 and 16 years ( N = 1,002), we examined the impact of descriptive and injunctive norms on adolescents’ self-presentation practices on social media. Drawing on the theory of normative social behavior and the affordances approach, we also considered the norm-moderating factors of outcome expectations, group identity, platform differences, and perceived content persistence. We provide evidence that both descriptive and injunctive peer norms influence adolescents’ staged self-presentations, authentic self-presentations, and presentations of everyday life, although none of the moderating factors reached practical significance.

Science-related populism is often used to undermine public trust in science. Good scientific practice contributes to public trust in science, whereas misconduct promotes public skepticism. Since research ethics are a vital part of research integrity, we argue that ethical misconduct potentially undermines trust in scientists, particularly among people with populist beliefs. Drawing on a quota sample of German citizens (N = 1,321), the experimental study examines the influence of ethical conduct on trust in scientists, moderated by science-related populist beliefs. More specifically, we tested the influence of experimental deception (with and without debriefing) using a vignette design. The results of our study showed that ethical misconduct is negatively associated with trust in scientists. In addition, the relationship between ethical misconduct and trust in scientists was influenced by both science-related populist beliefs and science literacy. Although people with high science-related populist beliefs generally placed less trust in scientists, the negative effect was even more pronounced for people with low science-related populist beliefs. Our findings further revealed that ethical misconduct reduces trust in science among people with both low and high science literacy. This demonstrates the importance of researchers transparently discussing and reflecting on ethical research conduct to promote trust in scientists.

Due to Sultan Abd & uuml;lhamid II's authoritarian regime and his alleged suspicion of modern technologies, Turkish film historians have often viewed the Hamidian era as an obstacle to the development of cinema in Turkey. However, this article aims to move beyond the simplistic characterizations of Abd & uuml;lhamid's reign as mere despotism and paranoia, especially concerning cinema. It explores government regulations, censorship, and prohibitions to gain a deeper understanding of how the Hamidian regime perceived, regulated, and influenced the development of cinema in the Ottoman Empire. By analyzing the motivations and measures taken by the Hamidian regime, this article demonstrates that the regime not only attempted to control cinema's perceived negative impacts on public safety, morality, and state policies but also used cinema for political, economic, and cultural purposes. It argues that while the Hamidian regime was aware of cinema's potential risks, it also recognized that, under strict control, cinema could offer significant benefits.