Koya University is located in Koy Sanjaq, near Erbil (Hewlêr), capital of the Erbil Governorate in the Iraqi Kurdistan region of Iraq. It was established in 2003..
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are versatile and sustainable new green solvents that can be employed in the different application fields. DESs are created by combining a hydrogen bond donor and a hydrogen bond acceptor to form a stable liquid mixture with many unique physicochemical properties, including low volatility, tunable polarity, and excellent thermal stability. In this study, novel Glycerol-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared by mixing different molar ratios of 1-propanol and 1-butanol as a hydrogen bond acceptor and glycerol as a hydrogen bond donor. The prepared new deep eutectic solvents were investigated by measuring their physical properties, such as freezing point, density, sound velocity, conductivity, and refractive index at different temperatures. The physical properties of new Glycerol-based DESs were decreased with increasing temperature and molar ratio due to increasing voids within deep eutectic mixtures. Furthermore, the new Glycerol-based DESs were applied for the first time as a liquid fuel.
This study reports a one-step paste-coated ZnO–PANI MSM photodetector decorated with Ag NPs via photodeposition. The undeposited device achieved a Responsivity of 1.40 A/W, Detectivity of 3.51 × 1013 Jones, and an EQE of 476
Malaria remains a major global health challenge, particularly in regions where socioeconomic inequalities shape exposure risk and access to prevention. In this study, we propose a novel fractional-order malaria transmission model incorporating social hierarchy, mathematically integrating Caputo, Caputo–Fabrizio, and Atangana–Baleanu operators to account for memory effects, immunity waning, and delayed intervention impacts, and epidemiologically distinguishing low- and high-class populations to quantify the influence of socioeconomic disparities on transmission and control. The basic reproduction number ( R_0 ) was derived using the next-generation approach, and sensitivity analysis identified mosquito-to-human and human-to-mosquito transmission probabilities, mosquito recruitment, and mortality as the most influential drivers. Numerical simulations over a 200-day horizon showed that lower fractional orders slowed epidemic growth and prolonged infectious periods, while non-singular kernels produced smoother, more realistic post-peak declines. Socioeconomic differences had a significant impact on outcomes. with low-class populations experiencing up to threefold higher peaks in exposure and infectiousness due to reduced access to care and preventive measures. Model projections revealed daily new cases peaking near 2500 under high transmission, and R_0 oscillating before settling between 3 and 7. Three-dimensional parameter surfaces further identified combinations of vector control and treatment coverage sufficient to reduce R_0 below one. These findings demonstrate the value of fractional-order modeling for capturing complex malaria dynamics and highlight the need for equity-focused interventions, including strengthened vector control, expanded rapid diagnostics, and improved treatment access in disadvantaged communities, to achieve sustainable reductions in malaria transmission.
Corrosion of metal surfaces remains a persistent challenge across industrial environments, necessitating the exploration of efficient and eco-friendly inhibitors. The aim and novelty of present study is the comprehensive theoretical investigation of ten indole-based derivatives (ST1–ST10) as corrosion inhibitors efficiency for Fe surfaces. Using DFT at the B3LYP/6–311 ++ G(2d,p), we computed key electronic properties such as HOMO–LUMO energies, dipole moments, to assess molecular stability and reactivity. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis identified strong π → π*, σ → σ*, and LP → π* delocalization, confirming notable electron mobility within molecular frameworks. To sum, the chemical softness values show that the title compounds ST8 and ST10 preferentially exchange their associated electron clouds with the surrounding environment. These findings offer a robust multiscale framework for designing advanced indole-based inhibitors for corrosion protection in aggressive environments.
In this study, the TD-DFT method using the B3LYP functional (and CAM-B3LYP for UV-Vis analysis) and the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set was used to compute the optical reactivity of synthesized Arylazo Sulfonates (1a-1j) compounds in the gas phase, the solvent phase-ethanol, water, and acetonitrile medium. The geometric parameters, electronic structure, spectroscopic, and topological properties were determined and analyzed to elucidate the optical reactivity and charge-transfer behavior of the compounds. The energy gap, global hardness, Mulliken charges, softness, and Fukui functions were assessed to forecast reactivity changes in the 1j compound in the gas phase, suggesting that electron promotion from HOMO to LUMO is more difficult, which has implications for biological activity and charge-transfer processes. Also, the electronic properties, including MEP, Fukui functions, UV spectroscopy, ELF, NLO, and RDG of the title compounds were thoroughly investigated to establish a comprehensive reactivity profile. The MEP revealed greener zones indicate an electrostatic potential of the examined compounds that is nearly neutral, exhibiting neither severe electrophilicity nor nucleophilicity; however, this neutral electrostatic potential does not exclude the presence of localized reactive sites. Based on NLO analyses, the 1a compound has a first hyperpolarizability about 15.2 times greater than that of urea (0.373 & times; 10-33 esu), demonstrating its high potential for nonlinear optical applications.
