Kyrgyz State Medical Academy

The study is devoted to the systematic analysis of urological and andrological morbidity among the male population in selected European (Germany, France, Italy, Poland) and Turkic countries (Turkey, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan) with a focus on assessing the role of laboratory diagnostics in the early detection, monitoring, and prediction of clinical forms of pathology. The purpose of the study is to establish a link between the prevalence of urological diseases and the level of development of laboratory infrastructure and to determine the effectiveness of routine, biochemical and molecular genetic methods. The methodological framework includes a content analysis of data from the European Association of Urology, the World Health Organisation, National urological registries, and laboratory reports, an epidemiological analysis of morbidity among men over 50 years of age, and a comparative assessment of the diagnostic capabilities of the public and private sectors. Higher prevalence rates of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (up to 42.5

This article presents an analysis of long-term survival and postoperative complications in patients with stage IIb cervical cancer who underwent combined treatment, including neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical intervention. The relevance of the study is determined by the high risk of recurrence and adverse outcomes associated with standard therapy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of clinical and demographic factors, reproductive history, and postoperative complications on disease prognosis. The study included a retrospective analysis of 2,811 patients: 661 in the experimental group and 2,151 in the control group. Survival was assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method with the log-rank test, and risk factors were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results showed that the most common postoperative complications were lymphocysts (18%), bladder atony (15%), lymphedema (8.1%), and lymphorrhea (9.7%). The presence of complications did not significantly affect mortality. Cumulative survival in the experimental group was higher than in the control group (HR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.25–0.88; p = 0.018). Significant prognostic factors included patient age (60–74 years, HR = 2.41; p = 0.048), age at sexual debut ≥26 years (HR = 6.10; p < 0.001), and positive family history (p = 0.018). The experimental group also demonstrated a lower recurrence rate (23% vs. 40%; p = 0.011). Conclusions: Combined treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgical intervention significantly improves long-term survival and reduces recurrence risk in patients with stage IIb cervical cancer. Reproductive and age-related factors are key predictors of adverse outcomes, highlighting the importance of individualized therapeutic approaches.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the standard treatment for gallbladder disease; however, the risk of bile duct injury and variability of outcomes persist. Objective. To evaluate contemporary safety standards in cholecystectomy – clinical algorithms and technological drivers – in the context of preventing bile duct injuries and improving technical reproducibility. Materials and methods. A narrative review of publications from 2015–2025 was conducted (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science). Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical and registry studies, and consensus recommendations were analyzed. The evidence was structured by key domains: safety, imaging, artificial intelligence, alternative technologies, and ERAS pathways. Results. The Critical View of Safety remains central to bile duct injury prevention, supported by fluorescent cholangiography and digital quality control. Artificial intelligence reduces technical variability. Conclusion. Current standards in cholecystectomy are evolving toward technologically supported and standardized surgical care, enhancing safety and quality of treatment.

Postterm pregnancy remains a significant clinical problem in modern obstetrics, especially among women of advanced reproductive age. The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence of postterm pregnancy, the structure of risk factors, methods of delivery, and perinatal outcomes in women aged ≥35 years. A retrospective analysis of delivery records for 2020–2022 registered at the Osh City Perinatal Center was conducted. The types of postterm pregnancy, prevalence of extragenital pathology, obstetric history, diagnostic data, and labor management tactics were evaluated. It was established that the proportion of postterm deliveries among women over 35 years exceeds similar indicators in younger women. The most significant risk factors were anemia, chronic inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, and previous abortions. Features of delivery management and the frequency of operative interventions were determined. The obtained data emphasize the need for early diagnosis of postterm pregnancy and targeted preventive measures.

Background: Carpenters perform repetitive and forceful upper-limb activities that may increase the risk of lateral Background: Dexmedetomidine and propofol are frequently used intravenous sedatives with distinct molecular targets and effects on arousal networks. Although both agents can achieve clinically comparable sedation, their electroencephalographic manifestations differ in spectral composition, spatial organization, processed index behavior, functional connectivity, and emergence dynamics. These differences are clinically important because simplified depth-of-sedation indices may not represent equivalent neurophysiological states across drug classes. Objective: This structured narrative review aimed to critically synthesize contemporary evidence regarding the raw and processed electroencephalographic signatures associated with dexmedetomidine and propofol sedation in adults. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL were searched for English-language human studies and relevant reviews published principally between January 2014 and May 2024. Foundational earlier studies were considered when necessary to explain established propofol EEG mechanisms. Literature selection prioritized direct comparative studies, controlled volunteer investigations, prospective clinical studies, secondary EEG analyses, and mechanistically informative reports addressing spectral power, spectral edge frequency, bispectral index, entropy, coherence, functional connectivity, and emergence trajectories. Findings were organized through a structured thematic synthesis rather than statistical pooling. Results: Dexmedetomidine was commonly associated with increased slow-delta activity accompanied by frontal spindle- or alpha-range oscillations and relative preservation of selected coherence measures. Propofol produced prominent slow-wave activity with concentration- and state-dependent frontal alpha oscillations, reduced faster-frequency activity, and greater disruption of selected long-range cortical interactions. At comparable clinical sedation levels, bispectral index and spectral edge frequency values frequently differed between agents. Evidence concerning entropy, connectivity, and emergence trajectories was informative but less extensively replicated. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine and propofol produce distinct, context-dependent EEG profiles that should not be interpreted through interchangeable processed-index thresholds. Drug-specific EEG interpretation may improve sedation assessment, but standardized prospective studies linking electrophysiological patterns with patient-centered outcomes remain necessary