ABSTRACT Introduction: Digital technologies now shape nearly every aspect of daily life, raising growing concern about how they influence people's psychological and social well‐being, especially among youth in developing societies. This study examines the relationship between social media addiction and perceived loneliness among young adults in Kyrgyzstan, a rapidly digitizing Central Asian country, with a particular focus on demographic differences such as age and gender. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey design was used. Data were gathered from 426 participants aged 18–26 using the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) and the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Along with correlation analysis, independent‐samples t‐tests, one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine demographic variations and relational patterns. Results: The results showed a small yet meaningful link between social media addiction and loneliness (r = 0.161, p = 0.001). Women were more likely to display higher addiction levels, whereas men reported feeling lonelier. Participants aged 24–26 exhibited the highest loneliness scores. Conclusion: These findings suggest that digital behavior and demographic factors may be important considerations in psychological screening and intervention strategies for young people.
Marriage governance in Kyrgyzstan is shaped by the coexistence of secular law, Islamic norms, and customary law), creating a plural legal environment in which multiple sources of authority regulate family relations. This study examines how these normative systems interact in the governance of marriage, identifies areas of convergence and divergence, and explores their implications for legal legitimacy and family regulation. Employing a qualitative socio-legal methodology grounded in legal pluralism theory, the research draws on documentary and comparative analysis of legal texts, Islamic sources, official religious guidance, and relevant scholarly literature. The findings demonstrate that marriage governance in Kyrgyzstan operates through three interconnected sources of legitimacy: legal legitimacy derived from state institutions, religious legitimacy derived from Islamic norms, and social legitimacy derived from customary practices and community recognition. The study argues that individuals frequently seek validation from all three normative orders simultaneously, resulting in a hybrid model of marriage governance. To explain this dynamic, the article proposes a triple-legitimacy framework that captures the interaction of legal, religious, and social forms of legitimacy within a formally secular state.
Parabens pollute the environment and show harmful effects on humans and animals. This study is the first description of parabens in the hair of stray cats, which living in the city, may be considered as sentinel and/or indicator species for evaluation of the risk of human exposure to pollutants in the outdoor urban environment. The levels of methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), butylparaben (BuP) and benzylparaben (BeP) were evaluated with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MeP in levels above limit of detection (LOD) was found in 99% of samples with mean 302.9 ± 418.5 pg/mg (median 164.5 pg/mg), PrP in 94% of samples with mean 180.8 ± 266.9 pg/mg (median 82.6 pg/mg) and EtP in 83% of samples with mean 77.51 ± 91.24 pg/mg (median 47.15 pg/mg). BuP in levels above LOD was observed in 53% of samples with mean 18.7 ± 43.03 pg/mg (median 5.8 pg/mg) and BeP in 6% of samples with mean 1.5 ± 9.23 pg/mg (median < LOD). Moreover some differences in paraben levels were noted in animals of various ages. The results show that stray cats are significantly exposed to some parabens, which indicates the high concentration of these compounds in the outdoor urban environment and suggest relatively high risk of exposure of city dwellers to these compounds.
ABSTRACT Objective This study evaluated the safety profile of tolfenamic acid following repeated oral administration in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at doses of 2 and 8 mg/kg every 12 h for 7 days. Methods The 42 quails were randomly assigned to three groups. The first group (n = 6) received saline orally every 12 h for 7 days. The second (n = 18) and third (n = 18) groups were administered tolfenamic acid at doses of 2 and 8 mg/kg, respectively, orally every 12 h for 7 days, totalling 14 doses. The safety profile of tolfenamic acid was evaluated by haematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters. Results Haematological analysis revealed no significant differences across groups, except for a decreased mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration in the 8 mg/kg group. Biochemical assessments indicated stable liver and kidney function markers, as no significant changes were observed in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, albumin or creatinine levels. However, histopathological examinations showed significant liver changes, including hydropic degeneration and bile duct proliferation, as well as renal tubular epithelial degeneration, particularly in the higher dose group. Notably, lymphoid tissue depletion was observed in the spleen of treated birds. Conclusion These findings indicate that tolfenamic acid administration does not adversely affect haematological or biochemical parameters. Although biochemical parameters remained normal, histopathological changes such as tissue damage may indicate early or subclinical injury that could impair organ function over time. These microscopic alterations might lead to long‐term health issues in quails, even without biochemical abnormalities. Therefore, cautious dosing and regular tissue monitoring are important when using tolfenamic acid.
We extend the theory of quasi-invariant states for compact group actions on C^* -algebras to the setting of semidirect product groups. Given a compact semidirect product K=G⋊ _ϕH , where ϕ is a continuous homomorphism from H into Aut(G) , we characterize actions of K on C^* -algebras in terms of compatible actions of the component groups G and H. We establish the fundamental properties of K-quasi-invariant states, including cocycle identities, lifting to von Neumann algebras, averaging properties, and prove the main result that under appropriate modular commutation conditions, the GNS representation of a quasi-invariant state is unitarily equivalent to that of its averaged state. This generalizes the framework established by Griseta [3] for single compact groups.
