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Ship collision accidents remain one of the most frequent and severe types of maritime incidents worldwide, often resulting in significant property damage, loss of life, and pollution. Despite extensive regulatory and technological advancements, the underlying risk mechanisms and consequence formation processes of collision accidents are not yet fully understood, particularly from a global and data-driven perspective. To address this gap, this study develops a data-driven Bayesian Network framework to analyze and predict the consequences of ship collision accidents on a global scale. The proposed model is constructed using a Tree-Augmented Naive Bayes (TAN) structure and is trained on a long-term dataset of collision accident investigation reports covering the period 1978-2024, compiled from multiple international maritime bodies. Unlike most previous studies that primarily focus on causal factors or rely on expert judgment, this research simultaneously investigates accident related, environmental, ship related, and bridge operator related risk influencing factors (RIFs), while explicitly accounting for the characteristics of both vessels involved in a collision. In addition, spatial analysis based on accident coordinates reveals distinct geographical clustering patterns in high traffic coastal and port areas. The findings of the study provide practical value for maritime administrations, ship operators, and policy makers by supporting evidence-based decision making in collision prevention, risk informed regulation, targeted training strategies, and the prioritization of proactive safety measures at both operational and strategic levels.
Unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) increasingly support long-duration ocean observation, yet their mission endurance remains constrained by limited onboard energy storage. Wave energy offers a continuous, weather-independent supply, although most pendulum-based harvesters respond to only a single motion axis. This study presents a horizontal-plane pendulum-based inertial wave energy harvester integrated within the USV hull, with the pendulum configured parallel to the XY-plane to simultaneously exploit pitch and roll excitation. A sprag-clutch mechanical rotation rectifier (MRR), a three-stage planetary gearbox, a hypoid stage, and a Halbach-array permanent magnet generator are used to convert the irregular, bidirectional motion of the pendulum into stable, unidirectional electrical output. A Lagrangian-based dynamic model, partitioned into torque-transmitting and freewheeling states, was developed and validated against motion-platform experiments under sinusoidal, swept-frequency, and JONSWAP irregular-wave excitation. The system delivers 13.0 W under matched-load conditions (f = 0.51 Hz, Φ₀ = 15°), exhibits a monotonic increase in output across the principal ocean-wave band (0.10-0.70 Hz), reaches 91 W at Φ₀ = 30°, and yields a fourfold power gain over single-axis operation under in-phase pitch-roll excitation. Under JONSWAP excitation (Hₛ = 1.5 m, Tₚ = 7 s), the mean experimental output is 7.21 W, corresponding to a motion-to-electric conversion efficiency of approximately 43 % under matched-load conditions.
Culture-based fungal studies can generate isolate collections too large for complete multilocus or genome-scale characterization, making representative subsampling necessary. Isolate reduction is not a single event: recovered cultures, purified isolates, barcode-sequenced isolates, multilocus-sequenced isolates, and genome-sequenced subsets are distinct analytical stages with different purposes. The central question is when low-resolution prescreening data can legitimately determine which isolates proceed to sequencing and what evidence is needed before that decision can be trusted. The decision logic is general; Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) and inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers are examined in detail as a case study. Primer-design rationale is distinguished from demonstrated genomic origin: fungal SCoT and iPBS amplicons remain anonymous unless sequenced or mapped, and co-migrating bands are not necessarily homologous. The inability of dominant markers to distinguish heterozygous from dominant homozygous states does not apply to genuinely haploid, homokaryotic material, although other sources of ambiguity remain. Published fungal applications show heterogeneous performance, from reproducible discrimination to failure to recover independently defined structure. Detailed appraisal showed that replicate amplification was inconsistently reported, while quantitative replicate-error estimates, probability of identity, missing-data rates, and formal concordance testing were absent from the fourteen studies profiled in detail. Fingerprint-derived groups should therefore be treated as sampling hypotheses rather than verified genomic strata. An objective-dependent framework with quality-control gates and stop conditions is developed to define where prescreen-guided selection is defensible, exploratory, or inappropriate, and what evidence is required before such selection can be considered validated.
This study was conducted to determine the effects of seven different rootstocks (Seedling, Quince A, Quince BA 29, Fox 11, Farold 40, OHxF 87, and OHxF 333) on the postharvest quality characteristics of ‘Williams’ pear fruits during cold storage at 0 ± 0.5 °C and 90 ± 5
The increasing demand for durable and multifunctional separation materials necessitates polymer-based coatings that combine mechanical robustness with high selectivity. This study aims to develop antibacterial oil/water separation systems that effectively address challenges posed by microorganisms, which can decrease filter effectiveness and impact overall separation efficiency. Metal meshes were coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2), octadecanethiol (ODT), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) via spray coating using four formulations: TiO2, PVDF, TiO2/ODT, and TiO2/ODT/PVDF. PVDF-containing coatings exhibited superior superhydrophobicity, with a water contact angle of 161 degrees and a sliding angle of 3 degrees, attributed to the dense nano-roughened texture formed upon drying. The ODT contributed to uniform surface coverage, while PVDF imparted excellent adhesion and mechanical durability, maintaining self-cleaning performance after 50 abrasion cycles. The TiO2/ODT/PVDF formulation demonstrated the highest oil/water separation efficiency and improved oil flux, highlighting the critical contribution of the polymer-nanoparticle interface. Moreover, the nanocomposite coating exhibited pronounced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (98.7%) and Escherichia coli (99.2%). These findings underline the potential of polymer-based nanocomposite coatings as scalable and multifunctional materials for advanced oil/water separation technologies.
