The Lalit Narayan Mithila University (LNMU) is a public university in India. It is ranked 1 in Bihar and ranked 92 in India according to uniRank 2021 ranking.Began in 1972, the university initially functioned from the Mohanpur House at Sara Mohanpur village of Darbhanga-Sakri route. In 1975, it was shifted to the campus belonging to Raj Darbhanga.The university is in Darbhanga town, Mithila, an ancient cultural region of North India lies between the lower range of the Himalayas and the Ganges river. The university imparts education in fields such as humanities, social science, life science, commerce, and medicine, with both undergraduate and postgraduate courses. More than 400 faculties are engaged in teaching and research.The institute has a residential campus of about 230 acres with modern facilities and support services for its students and faculty. The university has the privilege of having major Students' union as ABVP, AISF and Mithila Student Union..
Staphylococcus aureus infections remain a major clinical challenge due to rapid acquisition of antimicrobial resistance, exemplified by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The imidazole scaffold has attracted sustained interest owing to its chemical versatility and broad pharmacological relevance. This review provides the first comprehensive and critical summary of recent advances in the synthesis and anti-staphylococcal activity of structurally diverse imidazole derivatives, including benzimidazoles, metal complexes, mercapto- and polycyclic analogues, and hybrid conjugates with bioactive motifs such as indole, berberine, and rifamycin. Both conventional and enabling methodologies (microwave- and ultrasound-assisted synthesis) are evaluated, with key transformations encompassing condensations, transition-metal-catalyzed couplings, complexation, El-Saghier, and Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé reactions. Structure–activity relationship analyses reveal that indole-, rifamycin-, berberine-, and N-aryl-substituted imidazoles exhibit superior potency against resistant strains, whereas hydroxynaphthalene, 2-phenyl-benzimidazole, imidazothiadiazole, and isatin analogues often show diminished activity. Collectively, these insights provide a rational framework for designing next-generation imidazole-based anti-staphylococcal agents, while underscoring the need for comprehensive profiling of stability, toxicity, and PK/PD properties to enable clinical translation.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasingly recognized as a neuroinflammatory disorder driven by microglial dysfunction. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway plays a critical role in neuroinflammation and has been strongly implicated in the pathology of AD. Chronic activation of cGAS-STING contributes to neurodegeneration by driving persistent type I interferon release and excessive pro-inflammatory cytokine production. However, the pathway exhibits context-dependent effects. Transient activation promotes antiviral defense, autophagy, and cellular quality control in the central nervous system. Sustained engagement exacerbates neuroinflammation and synaptic loss. Preclinical studies demonstrate that pharmacological inhibitors (such as NR, TSG, H-151, TDI-6750, TDI-8246) mitigate amyloid beta and tau pathology, attenuate microglial reactivity, and enhance cognitive outcomes. Yet, its essential physiological roles, including antimicrobial immunity and autophagy regulation, pose challenges for therapeutic targeting. This potentially disrupts neuroimmune homeostasis. In this review, we highlight the role of cGAS-STING in AD and explore its potential as a therapeutic target using small-molecule drug candidates. Despite these promising findings, challenges remain, including optimizing blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, ensuring immune specificity, and addressing long-term safety concerns. Due to these challenges, no cGAS-STING inhibitors have entered clinical trials for AD. However, the future of AD treatment may involve modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways, with cGAS-STING inhibitors playing a central role in reshaping neuroimmune homeostasis.
Air pollution is a widespread global environmental hazard that poses significant threats to both human health and the earth’s ecosystems. Particulate matter (PM2.5) is one of the most perilous forms of air pollution if present in higher concentrations. This tiny material is incorporated into the air by both anthropogenic and natural activities and may further lead to poor ambient air quality. The size of these particles has been directly linked to their reactivity and potential impact on human health. Inhalable coarse particles 2.5 to 10 μm in diameter and fine particles < 2.5 μm in diameter are the primary concern due to their high surface-to-volume ratio. Owing to their diverse physicochemical characteristics, such as the heterogeneous mixture of particle sizes, small diameters, and chemical components, PM2.5 have been found to be associated with many respiratory and reproductive-related disorders, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system dysfunctions, and cancer. In this review article, we have highlighted the sources, occurrence, and human toxicological effects of PM2.5, as well as their role in the progression of various human diseases. Various preclinical and epidemiological studies are also covered to reveal the harmful effects of PM2.5 on human health worldwide. This comprehensive analysis of PM2.5 may help policymakers and other stakeholders adopt more stringent measures to phase out PM2.5 levels and mitigate its negative impacts on human health and the ecosystem.
This paper analyzes the topological and algebraic aspects of bipolar fuzzy automata by examining various associated bipolar fuzzy operators. We present the notions of bipolar fuzzy topologies and co-topologies associated with a given bipolar fuzzy automaton. Furthermore, we explore the relationships between bipolar fuzzy homomorphisms and the topological and co-topological structures induced by these bipolar fuzzy operators.
In the present study, hydrothermally assisted chemical synthesis process has been employed to prepare undoped and Fe-doped ZnS nanostructures. The structural nature was verified through the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, which reveals a cubic zinc blende structure for all the samples. The elemental compositions and binding energies were verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and indicated the inclusion of Fe into the ZnS framework. FE-SEM and TEM were utilized to probe the morphology and structure, which were consistent with the formation of well-distributed nanostructures. The PL spectra were measured to analyse the optical properties and the defect state of the prepared samples. UV-Vis analysis further confirmed the optical band gap modulation upon Fe doping. The electrochemical performance of the three-electrode supercapacitor device was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. The Fe-doped ZnS samples showed good electrochemical characteristics as compared to the undoped ZnS, to have a potential in energy storage devices.
