Lorestan University

Electronic nose (e-nose) and electronic tongue (e-tongue) are among the most modern olfactory and gustatory bionic systems that have been able to compensate for the limitations of the human olfactory and gustatory system. These bionic systems have been very successful in evaluating and measuring the quality of food. The enose is capable of evaluating the quality of food through the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the e-tongue applies electrochemical methods to assess food quality. Unfortunately, nowadays food fraud is frequently practiced especially in spices that are offered in powdered form in the market. The purpose of this piece of research is thus to evaluate e-nose and e-tongue systems and use machine learning techniques to measure the authenticity and quality of ginger powder. In this study, chickpea powder was used as an adulterant to combine with ginger powder. Ginger powder and fraud samples were prepared in 7 classes (pure chickpea powder, pure ginger powder, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% fraud in ginger powder using chickpea powder). Finally, the features extracted from the samples were evaluated and classified using basic CNN, improved CNN, PCA, MLP, Fuzzy, SVM, KNN, GBT and EDT algorithms. The results showed that the e-nose and e-tongue systems in combination with the improved CNN were able to classify the ginger powder and the fraud samples with accuracies of 95.24% and 100%, respectively. In the e-nose system, TGS2620, TGS822 and TGS2610 sensors, and in the e-tongue system, gold and platinum sensors had the strongest performance in detecting and distinguishing ginger powder and fraud samples.

Fossil benthic foraminifera are essential proxies of Jurassic marine environmental change, yet their distribution and palaeoecological significance across northeastern Iran remain insufficiently understood. This study presents a detailed, high-resolution quantitative investigation of Middle-Upper Jurassic (Bajocian-mid Tithonian) benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the Dalichai Formation recorded at the Baqi section of the Binalud Mountains. The analysis integrates foraminiferal data with microfacies characteristics to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental evolution and relative sea-level history within the northern Tethyan margin. Fifty species representing twenty-seven genera and organised into twelve foraminiferal morphogroups were identified, defining seven successive ecostratigraphic intervals (A-G) that mark distinct ecological and depositional stages. Interval A (Bajocian) represents a shallow-neritic, reduced-salinity environment dominated by agglutinated taxa. Interval B, a red-shale bed at the Bajocian-Bathonian boundary, corresponding to the Ammonitico Rosso facies, records a rapid transgressive pulse linked to early rifting. Interval C and D (Bathonian-lower Oxfordian) capture maximum deepening, with pelagic and gravity-flow deposits associated with horst-and-graben formation and an abrupt diversity decline. Interval E (upper Oxfordian-lower Kimmeridgian) reflects partial shallowing and renewed agglutinated dominance. Interval F (Kimmeridgian) demonstrates open-marine, oxygen-rich conditions with abundant calcareous epifauna. And Interval G (upper Kimmeridgian-mid Tithonian) indicates progressive shallowing and enhanced siliciclastic delivery. The reconstructed sea-level curve reveals a major transgression from the Bajocian to early Oxfordian and regression from the Kimmeridgian to Tithonian, broadly conforming to global eustatic trends but punctuated by tectonically induced fluctuations. This integrated approach refines our understanding of Jurassic sequence development in the Binalud Basin and underscores the ecological response of benthic foraminiferal communities to coupled eustatic and tectonic controls within the marginal Tethyan system.

This paper examines how the growth mindset in vocabulary learning is influenced by student engagement when foreign language enjoyment is considered a mediating factor. Relying on positive psychology and a correlational research design, we collected data from 390 students majoring in English as a foreign language at the university and conducted statistical modeling. The findings of this paper indicated moderate levels of student engagement, growth mindset in vocabulary learning, and foreign language enjoyment, with strong positive relationships among them. Foreign language enjoyment emerged as a key mediating factor in the correlation between student engagement and growth mindset in vocabulary learning, suggesting that improving student engagement levels and providing an enjoyable language-learning environment can enhance students' resilience and expand their capacity to learn vocabulary. Insights for educators and policymakers, as well as the contributions of this paper to positive psychology strategies, are discussed in detail.

Melatonin, an indoleamine, is a chemical present in trace levels in different organisms. Its significance in the regulation of biological functions and therapeutic monitoring necessitates highly specific and sensitive detection methods. Despite the widespread usage of immunoassay (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescent immunoassay, and radioimmunoassay) methods, they often encounter problems with specificity, cross-reactivity, and operationality. Recent advances in biosensing technologies have overcome these limitations by providing highly sensitive, real-time, and highly specific detection with low limit of detection values. Reports on metal-organic framework combined with molecularly imprinted polymers electrochemical biosensor with limit of detection of 0.18 ng/mL, gold nanoparticles/polydopamine impedimetric biosensor with the lowest reported limit of detection of 0.32 pM and a linear range between 1 and 18 pM, and graphene voltametric biosensor with limit of detection of 0.8 µM, limit of quantification of 2.9 µM, with recoveries of 98.66–102.5

Hybrid metal–dielectric nanostructures are recognized as an ideal platform for enhancing and optimizing nonlinear optical effects due to their unique ability to generate multi-resonant responses. These structures can significantly enhance the efficiency of both linear and nonlinear optical phenomena by simultaneously utilizing the optical properties of dielectric and metal materials such as localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). Accordingly, by precisely designing the pair of gold (Au) hemi-cylinders in the structure, a comparison of the linear responses with the absence case of Au hemi-cylinders shows that the presence of Au plasmonic material dramatically affected the linear responses of the structure and has led to the creation of multi-resonant responses due to the concurrent excitation of LSPRs and surface plasmon polariton resonances (SPPRs). By adjusting the radius and length of the Au hemi-cylinders, it has been observed that the efficiency of the FWM phenomenon reaches its maximum value at the numerical ratios of h = 3.5r and h = 6r . Finally, by calculating and analyzing the efficiency of various degenerate and non-degenerate states of the four-wave mixing (FWM) phenomenon, it was observed that the efficiency of the 2ω _3+ω _1 state has increased notably compared to others. This enhancement is attributed to how the structure is designed and the appropriate choice of radiation wavelength to utilize the SPRs optimally. The numerical results obtained in this study can be widely used in the engineering and optimal design of nanophotonic devices such as sensors and optical integrated circuits.