This study presents the design and techno‑economic feasibility of a grid‑connected photovoltaic (PV) system for a university’s central building in Iran, in response to a national mandate requiring executive bodies to supply 20% of their electricity consumption from renewable sources by 2027. The system is sized using actual monthly electricity consumption data and local solar resource assessments, resulting in a 302 kWp plant with 432 bifacial panels and three 100 kW inverters. Two installation scenarios—rooftop and ground‑mounted—are evaluated using PVsyst and DesignBuilder simulations. A novel aspect is using penalty rates from Green Board of the Iran Energy Exchange, rather than fixed feed‑in tariffs, for economic assessment. The system generates 520.45 MWh annually, with a performance ratio of 82.2% and a capacity factor of 19.7%. The rooftop scenario reduces roof heat gain by 22.1%, lowering cooling demand by 12.24 tons of refrigeration. Economic analysis reveals a payback period of 5.8 years and an LCOE of 0.0524 USD/kWh. The project also achieves a 95.4% reduction in CO₂ emissions compared to grid electricity. At the national level, it saves 109,338 m³ of natural gas annually, with an export value of €32,801 and an opportunity cost of $42,156 for the exported electricity, demonstrating that rooftop PV systems offer both local and national economic and environmental benefits.
Preservation-led programs dominate the regeneration of heritage-industrial brownfields in Global South cities, overshadowing territorial assets, constraints, and demand. Few replicable, demand-first, multi-scale frameworks explain how post-industrial land-use changes can be derived in institutionally complex and economically stressed contexts. This research proposes a causal-asset framework based on sustainable urban livelihoods, asset-based community development, and system dynamics to study the role of assets, barriers, and feedback loops in determining adaptive reuse strategies.The framework is applied to the Ray Cement Factory, Tehran, Iran, a case rich in information combining national industrial heritage, long-term underuse, metropolitan accessibility, university assets, and reuse constraints. The methodology innovatively integrated three-scale asset inventory; purposive group model building; causal diagramming; and strategy derivation. The analysis reveals two interconnected negative dynamics due to the absence of innovative spatial infrastructure. One is a territorial deprivation trap characterized by skills deficits and suppressed entrepreneurship, and the other is an asset underutilization trap that leads to heritage deterioration and disinvestment. The breaking of this link can trigger two self-reinforcing structures, the Innovation Ecosystem Loop and the Heritage Identity Loop, that underpin precinct viability.This study contributes by deriving programming from diagnosed territorial demand. It operationalizes heritage-historical capital as a non-substitutable, stock-like category grounded in a national-first industrial identity. The findings indicate that asset-strategy coherence requires alignment at the metropolitan, immediate urban, and site levels. The framework helps planners connect heritage protection, economic activation, and policy coordination.
IntroductionSocial issues impose significant economic and cultural burdens on society, undermine the foundational structure of the family, and weaken social vitality. Among the key institutions directly engaged with the system of social issues in the city of Ahvaz—and serving as a critical link between security agencies and social institutions—is the leadership elite of the Ahvaz Prisons Organization. This group is particularly noteworthy as its members have directly confronted a wide range of social problems and have closely observed the dynamics through which these issues emerge and evolve. In light of this, the present study aimed to analyze the process of social issue formation in Ahvaz from the elites’ perspective of the Prisons Organization. Materials & MethodsGiven that the aim of this study was to analyze the process of social problem formation in Ahvaz and its associated consequences from the perspective of the prison organization elites, a qualitative research design was employed, utilizing Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory approach. This method is interpretive in its paradigmatic orientation and qualitative in nature. It is process-oriented and follows an inductive logic, enabling the researcher to examine the phenomenon under investigation within its specific context and situational setting. The study participants selected through purposive sampling consisted of elites from Ahvaz Prisons Organization. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 participants with the sample size determined by the principle of theoretical saturation. Data collection and analysis proceeded concurrently and the coding process was carried out in 3 stages: open, axial, and selective coding. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe research findings yielded 15 subcategories, 5 main categories, and a core category entitled "Social problem as a convergence of multifaceted anomalies". This core category suggested that the formation of a social problem involved a concurrent accumulation of diverse anomalies. In other words, a social problem emerged from the interplay of multiple factors, each contributing in its own way to the emergence and development of the phenomenon within the paradigm model. Based on the research findings and the paradigm model, it could be concluded that the most significant phenomenon underpinning social problems in Ahvaz was the scarcity of livelihood resources. The process indicated that social background—particularly family and residential context—constituted one of the most critical foundations for the emergence of social problems in this city. In this regard, families with weak economic bases, particularly in terms of employment and housing, were highly susceptible to pushing individuals toward abnormal behaviors. Moreover, Ahvaz was characterized by a large proportion of slum areas, which served as a visible symbol of class disparities. This spatial and socioeconomic marginalization further intensified the conditions under which social problems were generated and perpetuated. One notable demographic feature of Ahvaz, beyond the sheer volume of slum areas, was their spatial distribution across various parts of the city. In effect, class-based disparities were observable among neighborhoods throughout the urban landscape. In this context, there was no evidence of balanced development or equitable distribution of facilities across all urban districts. This unevenness has been further exacerbated in recent years by mounting social and economic pressures—particularly rising prices and inflation—which have contributed to the expansion of slum settlements. Although it might have been expected that these marginal areas would gradually integrate into the urban fabric and city center over time, the lack of balanced development in Ahvaz has prevented such assimilation. Instead, this persistent inequality has intensified feelings of relative deprivation. Within this framework, relative deprivation not only facilitates the emergence of social problems, but also functions as a driving mechanism that amplifies existing social harms and accelerates their proliferation. Thus, the trajectory of social problem formation can be outlined as follows: it originates within the social and familial context, is reinforced by mounting economic and social pressures, and ultimately crystallizes into recognizable social problems. Keywords: Process, Prison Elites, Grounded Theory, Social Issues, Ahvaz. Acknowledgments The authors thank everyone who contributed to this article. Conflicts of Interest There is no conflict of interest. FundingThe present research is derived from the doctoral dissertation of Mohammad Hossein Moghaddam, conducted under the auspices of the Applied Research Office of the Khuzestan Provincial Police Command. Statement on the Use of AINo artificial intelligence tools were used in the writing, editing, or preparation of this manuscript.
Mild steel suffers severe pitting corrosion in chloride-rich environments such as seawater, posing critical challenges for marine cooling and oilfield injection systems. This study presents the first integrated experimental-computational investigation of Hyssopus officinalis L. extract as a sustainable corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 3.5 wt.
Fangzhu, which has been lost for thousands of years, is an ancient device for water collection from air; its mechanism is unknown yet. Here we elucidate its possible surface-geometric and related physical properties by the oldest theYin-Yangcontradiction. In view of modern nanotechnology, we reveal that Fangzhu's water-harvesting ability is obtained through a hydrophilic-hydrophobic hierarchy of the surface, mimicking spider web's water collection, lotus, or desert beetle's water intake. The convex-concave hierarchy of Fangzhu's textured surface enables it to have low wettability (high geometric potential) to attract water molecules from air through the nanoscale convex surface and transfer the attracted water along the concave surface to the collector. A mathematical model is established to reveal three main factors affecting its effectiveness, i.e., the air velocity, the surface temperature, and surface structure. The lost technology can play an extremely important role in modern architecture, ocean engineering, transportation, and others to catch water from air for everyday use.
