M.M.U. College of Pharmacy

4D printing is an improvement over the traditional 3D printing technique involving theapplication of dynamic materials that change with the environmental conditions, including temperature,humidity, and pH. This technology holds great promise for drug development to create effectiveand personalized drug delivery systems. Different from conventional technologies, 4D printed systemscan control the administration rate of drugs depending on the internal environment, thus enhancingthe effectiveness of treatments and considering adverse effects at the same time effectively. 4Dprinting contributes to the creation of smart materials for use in vaccines, implants, and other devicesthat respond to body signals in real-time. However, several hurdles persist in the synthesis and fabricationof these materials as well as their regulatory approval. This technology represents the future ofdrug manufacturing, emphasizing patient-specific care and providing a more effective, efficient, andadaptive approach to therapeutic delivery.

Food safety is crucial for human health, which is compromised by contaminants such as chemicals and pathogens. These contaminations are one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in humans. Electrochemical biosensors are an impactful tool for the detection of these contaminants by altering the electrochemical signal due to the interaction between an analyte and a biorecognition element. The recognition element is the main component of an electrochemical biosensor where the analyte interacts. Biorecognition elements for contaminant detection include bacteriophages, DNA, peptides, aptamers, antibodies, polymers, enzymes, whole cells, and combinations of two or more recognition elements. This review focuses on the applicability of all biorecognition elements for the detection of various bacteria, viruses, mycotoxins, pesticide residues, heavy metals, and illegal additives that are most commonly present in food. The data on progress for the detection of all contaminants, including target analytes, working electrodes, recognition elements, electrochemical methods, limit of detection (LOD), standard deviation, and electrode stability.

BACKGROUND:Diabetes mellitus is a global health issue, affecting over 6.2% of the population. Effective management of type II diabetes mellitus (DM II) depends largely on patients' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP). This study has examined how demographic and clinical factors influence KAP among DM II patients in Punjab, India, aiming to identify knowledge gaps and behavioral trends. METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2023 to July 2024 across three outpatient clinics in Punjab. A total of 500 patients were recruited using non-probability purposive sampling. Data were collected using a pre-validated questionnaire and analyzed through SPSS software. KAP scores were assessed and categorized into poor, fair, or good, with multiple linear regression used to identify significant predictors. RESULTS:Among the 500 participants (197 females, 303 males), demographic and clinical factors significantly influenced KAP scores (p<0.05). Higher scores were associated with males, married individuals, those with higher educational attainment, health insurance, and regular clinic visits. Education was a key predictor of improved KAP across all domains. Conversely, poor scores were linked to lower education levels, absence of health insurance, and limited physical activity. Gender disparities were observed, with males displaying better knowledge and attitudes, while females exhibited higher practice scores. CONCLUSION:This study has highlighted disparities in KAP among DM II patients in Punjab, emphasizing the critical role of education, healthcare access, and physical activity. Targeted interventions, community-based educational programs, and policy-driven improvements in healthcare accessibility are essential to bridge knowledge gaps, reshape attitudes, and foster positive practices. These findings can guide the development of tailored strategies for diabetes management, ultimately improving health outcomes and quality of life for affected individuals.

This editorial discusses opioid tolerance, a growing challenge in managing pain in chronic patients. With time, overuse of opioids causes less sensitivity and responsiveness of opioid receptors and leads to higher doses of opioids for the same level of pain management. Due to this, it increases the risk of side effects, such as opioid addiction, respiratory issues, and overdose. The editorial highlights the relationship between opioid use disorder (OUD) and opioid tolerance and discusses the difficulty faced by patients and doctors during opioid tolerance. To address these challenges, a multimodal pain management approach, including physical therapies, cognitive-behavioural therapy, and opioid rotation, is proposed to enhance pain relief while reducing dependency. Policy changes and further research into alternative pain management methods and mechanisms of opioid tolerance in patients are needed to improve and limit the opioid crisis effectively.

Around the world, cancer contributes to every sixth death, emphasizing its severity as a global health concern. One of the main causes of cancer's growth is destabilization of the genome, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are a type of specific therapy intended to prevent tumor-causing cells from repairing single-strand DNA damage. The process of creating inhibitors for PARP has marked a vital shift while treating cancer by focusing on the DNA repair mechanisms in cells having homologous recombination (HR) deficits and BRCA1/2 mutations. With therapy for ovarian, pancreatic, breast, and prostate cancers with abnormalities in HR repair, PARPi has been authorized. It was suggested that PARP-1 be used as a potential cancer therapeutic target. Based on research findings from 2020 to 2025, this review analysis explores the latent of PARP inhibitors to be powerful cancer treatment drugs. It also discusses the fundamentals of PARP, including its structure, role in DNA repair, and the clinical studies that regulate PARPi.