MLR Institute of Pharmacy is located at Dundigal, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh. The institution was started in 2005 by the KMR Education Trust, Headed by Mr Marri Laxma Reddy. The Institute is under MLR Institute of technology which has six UG courses along with two PG Courses.Every semester has a minimum of nine courses, which includes a minimum of four laboratory courses and five theory courses. Students are required to attain a total of 212 credits and attend the institute for duration of not less than four years and not more than eight years to be considered for the award of the degree. The institute follows JNTU’s strict attendance regulation, which requires students to put in a minimum class attendance of 65% to progress to the next semester. External (university) exams are held every semester in the campus and consolidated results in all these exams count towards the final aggregate grading.
Background:Hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus are major metabolic disorders associated with increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Medicinal plants are increasingly being explored as potential therapeutic agents for the management of these conditions. Objective: This study evaluated the antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic effects of the methanolic extract of Desmostachyabipinnata in experimental rat models. Materials and Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (150–200 g) were randomly allocated into five groups. Hyperlipidemia was induced using a high-fat diet in combination with Triton X-100. Animals received either the standard drug or methanolic extract of D. bipinnata at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg. For assessment of antihyperglycemic activity, glucose-loaded rats were similarly divided into treatment groups receiving the standard drug or plant extract. Serum lipid parameters and blood glucose levels were determined using standard biochemical methods. Results: Induction with a high-fat diet and Triton X-100 significantly increased total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels while reducing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations. Administration of D. bipinnata extract produced a marked improvement in the lipid profile by lowering cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL levels and enhancing HDL concentrations. In the oral glucose challenge model, the extract significantly reduced elevated blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Desmostachyabipinnata demonstrated significant antihyperlipidemic and antihyperglycemic activities in experimental rats. These findings suggest that the plant possesses promising bioactive constituents that may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic agents for the management of metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia and diabetes.
ABSTRACTWest Nile Virus (WNV), first identified in Uganda in 1937, remains a significant global health threat, adapting across diverse ecosystems and expanding geographically, particularly into temperate regions of Europe and North America. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of the latest insights and challenges in WNV management, focusing on epidemiological trends, molecular advancements, and public health implications. Recent data highlight WNV's expansion, driven by climate changes such as milder winters and longer warm seasons that increase mosquito activity and enable the virus to overwinter within mosquito populations. This facilitates year-round transmission and challenges current control strategies. Molecularly, advancements in genomic and proteomic technologies have deepened our understanding of WNV's replication and pathogenesis, identifying new therapeutic targets and improving diagnostic methods. However, the absence of an approved human vaccine leaves management dependent on supportive care, particularly for severe neurological cases. Effective vector control remains crucial, with innovative strategies including genetically modified mosquitoes and novel insecticides being pivotal. Furthermore, environmental factors like climate change and urbanization are altering vector behaviors and WNV transmission dynamics, necessitating adaptive public health strategies to manage these evolving threats. The review underscores the need for ongoing research, vaccine and therapeutic development, and enhanced public health infrastructures to better respond to WNV challenges. It stresses the critical role of integrating scientific research, public health policy, and community engagement to effectively address the persistent threat of WNV.
Advancements in personalized neoantigen-based cancer vaccines are ushering in a new era in oncology, targeting unique genetic alterations within tumors to enhance treatment precision and efficacy. Neoantigens, specific to cancer cells and absent in normal tissues, are at the heart of these vaccines, promising to direct the immune system specifically against the tumor, thereby maximizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. The identification of neoantigens through genomic and proteomic technologies is central to developing these vaccines, allowing for the precise mapping of a tumor’s mutational landscape. Despite advancements, accurately predicting which neoantigens will elicit strong immune responses remains challenging due to tumor variability and the complexity of immune system interactions. This necessitates further refinement of bioinformatics tools and predictive models. Moreover, the efficacy of these vaccines heavily depends on innovative delivery methods that enhance neoantigen presentation to the immune system. Techniques like encapsulating neoantigens in lipid nanoparticles and using viral vectors are critical for improving vaccine stability and delivery. Additionally, these vaccines contribute towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3.8, promoting universal health coverage by advancing access to safe and effective cancer treatments. This review delves into the potential of neoantigen-based vaccines to transform cancer treatment, examining both revolutionary advancements and the ongoing challenges they face.
BACKGROUND:Stroke remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, contributing significantly to public health burdens. Cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidaemia are strongly associated with an increased risk of stroke. The cardio-metabolic index (CMI), which integrates these factors into a single measure, has emerged as a potential predictor of stroke. This systematic review and meta-analysis intended to examine the link between CMI and risk of stroke, offering an in-depth evaluation of its predictive value METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science until 10 December 2024. The inclusion criteria focused on observational studies (cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control) that reported original data on the association of CMI and stroke risk. Data extraction was standardized, and quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model in R software version 4.4 RESULTS: From 545 articles initially retrieved, with 5 studies met inclusion criteria, encompassing over 100,000 participants. Meta-analysis showed a significant association between elevated CMI and stroke risk with a pooled RR of 1.66 (95 % CI: 1.25 to 2.20). A subgroup analysis of cohort studies yielded a pooled HR of 1.63 (95 % CI: 1.21 to 2.21). There was no significant heterogeneity across studies (I² = 0 %). CONCLUSION:Our findings demonstrated a strong association between elevated CMI and an increased risk of stroke. CMI, by integrating multiple cardiovascular and metabolic factors, serves as a comprehensive predictor of stroke risk. Incorporating CMI into routine health screenings could enhance early identification and prevention efforts, ultimately aiding in the reduction of stroke incidence.
Psoriasis is a chronic, multifactorial, inflammatory skin disease, increasingly recognized as a systemic disorder influenced by the gut–skin axis, which is a dynamic bidirectional communication between intestinal microbiome and cutaneous immune response. This narrative review explores the understanding of the gut–skin axis with the latest evidence on how gut dysbiosis occurs in psoriasis, characterized by reduced microbial diversity and its shifts, and how it contributes to pathogenesis and exacerbation of psoriasis. Notably, recent scientific literature evidence suggests that the alteration of gut microbiome in psoriasis includes a decreased level of beneficial species like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and a rise in the level of proinflammatory bacterial species like Prevotella copri. Mechanistic insights reveal that gut-derived metabolites, impaired barrier functions, and immune signaling, particularly involving IL-23 and Th17 cells, play a pivotal role in this axis, linking intestinal health to cutaneous manifestations. Both animal and human trials underscore the therapeutic potential of interventions targeting the gut microbiota, including prebiotics, probiotics, dietary modifications, and FMT, demonstrating some promising but variable effects on disease severity and systemic inflammation. Despite these advances, translating the gut–skin axis into clinical practice presents a notable challenge due to limited scientific evidence, a lack of standardised microbiome profiling, and the absence of universally accepted biomarkers to monitor and stratify therapeutic outcomes. These limitations hinder the development of personalised care approaches and the integration of the gut–skin axis as a promising frontier in many autoimmune diseases, where the gut–skin axis and the intestinal microbiome play a crucial role.
