Acropolis Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research

Plant-powered nanotechnologies integrate the concepts of biological engineering and green synthesis to produce safe and environmentally friendly nanoparticles that address environmental and public health issues. Biological production, meanwhile, is a safe, biodegradable, as well as a sustainable method to create nanoparticles. Tabernaemontana divaricate, Calotropis gigantea (L.), Passiflora caerulea, Acorus calamus (rhizome), Cucurbita maxima (petals), Moringa oleifera (leaves), Piper nigrum, Ziziphus Spina Christi, Eucalyptus globulus, and Ziziphus oenoplia, etc., plants were among the medicinal flora used in the biological synthesis of Silver and Zinc oxide. Initially, phytochemical testing, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy were employed to characterize the greensynthesized Zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles. These medicinal floras have proven tremendous potential in the development of nanoparticles for several purposes in medicine, cosmeceuticals, food science and technology, water treatment and purification, environmental cleanup, and agriculture. This review paper highlights the characteristics of biologically produced Zinc oxide and Silver Nanoparticles and investigates the broad spectrum of plants that can be utilized in a single-phase, rapid protocol preparation approach that prioritizes green principles over conventional ones. These biologically friendly silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles have the potential to be very useful in the field of biomedicine, agriculture, cosmetics, water treatment, food science and technology, and the energy sector. The biomedicinal applications of green synthesised nanoparticles are particularly intriguing, with potential in drug delivery, bioimaging, antibacterial treatments, anti-Leishmanial properties, and cancer therapy. Compared to previous approaches, these nanoparticles provide benefits in terms of controlled administration, less toxicity, and increased therapeutic effectiveness. Future studies must concentrate on the development of affordable, non-hazardous, ecologically safe, and self-degradable nanoparticles to aid in the commercialisation of nanotechnology in agriculture, food, healthcare, and energy.

Atopic Dermatitis (AD), commonly termed as atopic eczema or chronic eczema, is a persistent inflammatory condition associated with impaired skin and characterized by an overreactive immunological response to environmental stimuli. Naringenin (NGN) is citrus derived natural flavonoid, has drawn considerable research interest due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant property, this research primarily aims to develop and evaluate the NGN-TE formulation using the cold method. Transethosomes (TE) were utilized to improve the solubility, bioavailability and skin penetration. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) approach was employed for the TE formulation optimization with lipoid S100, ethanol and tween 80 as independent variables. The particle size, zeta potential, PDI and entrapment efficiency of optimized NGN-loaded transethosome formulation (NGN-TE) were evaluated and found to be 149.3 ± 2.1 nm, -26.8 ± 2.73, 0.289 ± 0.4 and 90.5 ± 2.3 This research explores naringenin-loaded transethosomal topical formulations. In vitro showed sustained release with non-Fickian Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics. Transethosomal gel enhanced ex vivo skin penetration compared to drug gel. The transehosomal gel exhibited higher Cskin max and AUC0–8 compared to drug gel. Naringenin-loaded transethosomal gel was safe and non-irritant to the skin.

Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is a system that allows slow and controlled release of the drug in a fixed quantity. This method is beneficial for several reasons, such as the drug shows high bioavailability, a longer duration of action, fewer side effects, and medicines need not be taken repeatedly, which makes treatment easier. It can also be stopped whenever desired. A big advantage of TDDS is that this method is painless. Many evaluation parameters are used to test this system, such as weight of the patch, thickness, amount of medicine, moisture content, bending strength and penetration of drug on the skin. Smart patches, nanotechnology and mobile controlled technologies are being developed in TDDS. Overall, TDDS is a safe, comfortable and modern method of drug delivery that may become a better alternative to oral and injection dosage in the future.

The method for the creation of surface-grafting polymeric materials is gaining recognition because it makes it possible to create novel materials from wellknown, commercially available polymers with desirable bulk properties like elasticity, permeability, and thermal stability, combined with advantageous, newly tailored surface properties like adhesion, biomimicry, and biocompatibility. Since it produces radicals on most substrates, ionizing radiation is one of the most effective techniques for creating graft copolymers. This process involves the use of radiation, such as UV, plasma, Electron Beam (EB), and γ-rays, to modify polymer substrates. The development of RIGG in pharmaceuticals focuses on the covalent immobilization of biocides to various polymer surfaces. Grafting can now be done under control to produce surfaces with specific and well-defined features. The application of radiation has entered a new era of grafting with the development of living free-radical polymerization techniques. The technique is applied to drug delivery systems, where grafted polymers provide controlled release profiles and targeted delivery, improving therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. In biomedical applications, grafted polymers are utilized to create biocompatible surfaces for medical implants, ensuring reduced risk of infection and improved integration with biological tissues. Radiationgrafted wound dressings are developed for their enhanced antimicrobial activity and accelerated healing properties. The chapter delves into the scientific principles underlying RIGG, detailing the mechanisms by which radiation induces grafting and the factors influencing the process. The chapter then delves into the specific applications of radiation-induced green grafting in the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries.

INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy remains a cornerstone of cancer treatment; however, its clinical utility is frequently limited by dose-dependent toxicities, multidrug resistance, immunosuppression, and reduced quality of life. Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) have been increasingly investigated as adjuvant therapies to enhance chemotherapy efficacy while minimising adverse effects. METHODS: A structured literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases from January 2000 to December 2024. Keywords included “Traditional Chinese Medicine,” “chemotherapy adjuvant,” “cancer,” “immunomodulation,” “multidrug resistance,” “quality of life,” and “clinical trial.” A total of 512 records were identified. After removal of duplicates (n = 96) and screening based on title and abstract, 214 articles were assessed for eligibility. Finally, 128 articles (preclinical studies, randomised controlled trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews) were included in the qualitative synthesis. RESULTS: Preclinical evidence indicates that TCMs enhance chemotherapy efficacy through immunomodulation, apoptosis induction, autophagy regulation, angiogenesis inhibition, multidrug resistance reversal, and protection of normal tissues. Clinical studies demonstrate improvements in quality of life, reduction in chemotherapy-induced toxicities (e.g., leukopenia, gastrointestinal toxicity), and enhanced treatment tolerance across cancers such as lung, gastric, colorectal, and breast cancer. DISCUSSION: Although current evidence supports the potential role of TCMs as chemotherapy adjuvants, limitations remain due to heterogeneity of formulations, insufficient standardisation, herb–drug interaction concerns, and methodological weaknesses in clinical trials. Rigorous multicenter randomised controlled trials and standardised pharmacological characterisation are essential to establish evidence-based integration into oncology practice.