Muzaffarnagar Medical College (MMC) in Muzaffarnagar, Western Uttar Pradesh, India. It provides low cost health care to the surrounding rural areas of Muzaffarnagar district, Saharanpur district & other nearby areas..
Genetic factors have been implicated in the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene, particularly the rs9939609 variant, has been extensively examined in relation to measures of adiposity, which are frequently observed in individuals with T2DM. In this context, rs9939609 has primarily been studied for its association with obesity-related traits that may, in turn, relate to metabolic abnormalities in T2DM. However, evidence describing this adiposity-mediated relationship remains limited in North Indian populations. A case–control study was conducted including 120 newly diagnosed, treatment-naive T2DM patients and 120 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Genotyping of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was performed using PCR–RFLP. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and biochemical parameters including fasting blood glucose and lipid profile were assessed. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, ANOVA, binary logistic regression, and linear regression models. The frequency of the rs9939609 A allele and AA/AT genotypes was higher among cases compared with controls. Individuals carrying the A allele showed higher values of waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and triglycerides. In crude logistic regression analysis, rs9939609 was associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) under additive and dominant genetic models; however, these associations were attenuated and did not remain statistically significant after adjustment for body mass index. Linear regression analysis showed associations between the A allele and waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and triglyceride levels, with low to modest explained variance. No statistically significant associations were observed with systolic or diastolic blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The FTO rs9939609 polymorphism is associated with central adiposity and adverse metabolic traits in North Indian individuals with T2DM. Its crude association with T2DM is largely attenuated after adjustment for adiposity, indicating that the observed metabolic effects are predominantly mediated through obesity-related pathways rather than representing an independent genetic risk for T2DM.
Background: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious neuropsychiatric complication of chronic liver disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Serum albumin reflects hepatic synthetic function and possesses vital antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxifying properties. Hypoalbuminemia is extremely common in cirrhosis and may significantly influence the occurrence and severity of HE. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum albumin levels and the clinical severity, complications, and mortality of hepatic encephalopathy.
The burden of ischemic heart disease has increased globally. In India, the estimated prevalence of angina was around 3.7%. Chronic coronary syndrome, angina pectoris, occurs from an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand in the myocardium. Current antianginal therapies include beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, potassium channel openers, and statins to alleviate symptoms of angina, reduce recurrence, and improve quality of life. Despite conventional therapy, patients remain symptomatic. Hence, there is a need for a new treatment that modulates cardiac energy metabolism and provides promising outcomes in patients with chronic coronary syndrome. Trimetazidine is a metabolic modulator that improves cardiac metabolism by shifting the energy source toward glucose during myocardial ischemia. In this case-based review, we present the role of trimetazidine through hypothetical clinical case scenarios and the clinical evidence of trimetazidine to understand the ideal patient profile. Clinical studies of trimetazidine have demonstrated efficacy in reducing angina frequency, nitrate usage, and improving exercise duration in patients with angina. Trimetazidine could be beneficial as an add-on therapy in patients with chronic coronary syndrome who are inadequately controlled by beta-blockers alone or in combination with other antianginal drugs. Furthermore, trimetazidine is well-tolerated and has been shown to provide survival benefits. Overall, this review could aid practitioners in the use of trimetazidine for different patient indications in clinical cardiology settings in India.
