Genetic factors have been implicated in the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene, particularly the rs9939609 variant, has been extensively examined in relation to measures of adiposity, which are frequently observed in individuals with T2DM. In this context, rs9939609 has primarily been studied for its association with obesity-related traits that may, in turn, relate to metabolic abnormalities in T2DM. However, evidence describing this adiposity-mediated relationship remains limited in North Indian populations. A case–control study was conducted including 120 newly diagnosed, treatment-naive T2DM patients and 120 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Genotyping of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was performed using PCR–RFLP. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and biochemical parameters including fasting blood glucose and lipid profile were assessed. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests, ANOVA, binary logistic regression, and linear regression models. The frequency of the rs9939609 A allele and AA/AT genotypes was higher among cases compared with controls. Individuals carrying the A allele showed higher values of waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and triglycerides. In crude logistic regression analysis, rs9939609 was associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) under additive and dominant genetic models; however, these associations were attenuated and did not remain statistically significant after adjustment for body mass index. Linear regression analysis showed associations between the A allele and waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, and triglyceride levels, with low to modest explained variance. No statistically significant associations were observed with systolic or diastolic blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The FTO rs9939609 polymorphism is associated with central adiposity and adverse metabolic traits in North Indian individuals with T2DM. Its crude association with T2DM is largely attenuated after adjustment for adiposity, indicating that the observed metabolic effects are predominantly mediated through obesity-related pathways rather than representing an independent genetic risk for T2DM.
Transferring data in the mobile ad hoc network can be enabled to analyze data transferring and the network that manages the data and route them into the VPN-based routing. Here is the process of maintaining the gateway for the analysis. The main problem here is the routing of the data packets, and the analysis of the nodes in the form of packages is the main issue in this study. To fix this, troubleshooting problems can be enabled for the packets which reach the destinations and the echo response. The primary technique used in this study is energy efficient geographic routing protocol and reward-based intelligent Ad hoc routing is used for the analysis. The energy-efficient geographic routing protocol enables the EGRPM method to reduce the sensor nodes and the WSN. This allows gathering the data and the nodes to maintain the geographic way. Reward-based intelligent Ad hoc routing is used in automatic decision-making, and the analysis of the system to produce the selection action for the research is reinforcement learning. This results from the study of the configuration and the analysis of the data in the ad hoc network. This enables the formation of learning about the routing protocol and facilitates the current data transfer to the research done in the ad hoc networks. This data analysis in the mobile network helps analyze the system and the entire data management.
Indicine cattle (Bos indicus) show notable resilience and disease resistance compared with taurine breeds, but the genomic basis of these traits remains largely unexplored. Identification of genomic elements for immunity will enable future controlled crossbreeding programs using molecular breeding methods. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide comparison among Nelore, Gir, and Hereford breeds using their whole-genome sequences, majorly focusing on immune-related structural and sequence variation. Our aims were to catalog insertions, deletions, and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) that intersect immune loci and known quantitative trait loci (QTLs), identify runs of homozygosity and selective-sweep signals, and prioritize candidate genes for follow-up functional studies. We retrieved whole-genome sequencing data for Nelore breed (n = 14) and Gir breed (n = 20) from NCBI using the SRA toolkit. Reads were checked with FastQC v0.12.1, filtered with Fastp 0.23.4 to remove low-quality bases and adaptors, and retained high-quality reads based on Q20 and Q30. The reads were mapped to the Bos taurus reference (ARS-UCD2.0) with Burrows-Wheeler Aligner - Maximal Exact Matches (BWA-MEM) v0.7.19-r1273; alignments were processed with Samtools 1.19.2 for sorting, duplicate marking, and MAPQ ≥ 20 filtering. Variants (insertions, deletions, SNVs) were called with GATK HaplotypeCaller (GATK v4.4.0.0), hard-filtered, normalized with Bcftools 1.19, and annotated with SnpEff 5.2b and SnpSift v5.2 f. Common variants were identified via in-house Python scripts; immune loci were detected from InnateDB and keyword searches; QTL overlaps were identified using Animal QTLdb; and DAVID was used for GO and KEGG enrichment (P < 0.05). ROH islands were defined in PLINK as regions shared by > 50% of individuals or samples, and selective sweeps were detected with RAiSD; genes overlapping ROH islands and RAiSD peaks were prioritized as candidate selection signatures. GATK v4.4.0.0 identified 1,884,058 indels and 13,997,533 SNVs in Nelore breed, and 1,457,337 indels and 11,627,881 SNVs in Gir breed, with Ti/Tv ratios of ~ 2.26 and ~ 2.25, respectively. Nelore breed has more number of variants than Gir. We observed frameshift insertions in TLR3 and LOC508441 (CD33) in both the breeds and frameshift deletions in JAM3 in Nelore breed and PAX5 in Gir breed. The variants were also identified in the regulatory regions of both breeds. The high-impact SNVs were in CD46 and IL26 genes in Nelore breed, and PLG gene in Gir breed. Genome-wide scans using RAiSD identified selective sweeps in 707 candidate genes in Nelore breed and 165 in Gir breed. Comparing the ROH and RAiSD results, we prioritized the genes ANKRD11, MAGI2, LOC132345096, FOXP2, TCF12, and ATP5PO in Nelore breed, and the genes MEFV and ORIF1 in Gir breed. These genes are found in QTLs linked to milk and health traits. Functional enrichment showed that the genes exhibiting all the three variants belong to immune pathways such as, NF-kappaB signaling, T-cell receptor signaling, and MAPK signaling in both breeds. These results reveal breed-specific genomic variation locating immune loci and its associated QTLs and provide a list of candidate genes and regions for experimental validation and marker development to improve disease resistance and productivity in Indicine cattle.
Silicate based bioactive glasses (SBGs) have emerged as versatile biomaterials with broad applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Their unique ability to chemically bond with bone and stimulate tissue regeneration is primarily attributed to the controlled release of biologically active ions, which promote cellular proliferation, differentiation, and hydroxyapatite formation. Since their discovery, SBGs have been extensively studied for their structural, chemical, and mechanical properties, which significantly influence their bioactivity and functional performance. The development of a bioactive interface between SBGs and host tissues involves a complex sequence of surface reactions, including ion exchange, silanol formation, polycondensation, and hydroxyapatite nucleation. These mechanisms underpin their applications in both hard- and soft-tissue repair. Clinically, SBGs have been employed in bone grafts, bone regeneration scaffolds, dental pulp protection, enamel remineralization, implant coatings, and the treatment of periodontitis and oral wounds. Moreover, functional modifications, including doping with therapeutic ions like Sr2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, and Ag+, enhance their osteogenic, angiogenic, and antibacterial properties, further expanding their clinical utility. Despite their significant potential, challenges such as mechanical brittleness, crystallization during processing, and controlled degradation persist, highlighting the need for composite or hybrid materials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of SBGs, covering their structure–property relationships, bioactivity mechanisms, functional enhancements, and current biomedical applications. Understanding these aspects is crucial for optimizing SBG design and facilitating their translation into clinical applications for effective tissue regeneration and dental therapeutics.
Kinesin family member 14 (KIF14), a microtubule-associated motor protein, plays a crucial role in cytoskeletal dynamics, intracellular transport, and cell division. Oncological studies have consistently reported KIF14 overexpression across various cancers, including breast, ovarian, lung, liver, and brain tumors, associating it with poor clinical outcomes, increased tumor aggressiveness, and resistance to conventional therapies. This review comprehensively analyzed the involvement of KIF14 in cancer progression, particularly its roles in cell cycle regulation, mitotic spindle formation, and oncogenic signaling pathways. Additionally, the molecular mechanisms underlying its tumorigenic effects, its potential as a prognostic biomarker, and its viability as a therapeutic target are explored. The expanding understanding of KIF14’s oncogenic functions present promising opportunities for developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at this key regulator of tumor growth and metastasis, addressing the urgent need for treatments targeting aggressive and therapy-resistant malignancies.
