The National Agrarian University, also formally called National Agrarian University – La Molina (Spanish: Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina) (UNALM), is a public university in Lima, Peru. It is the country's best university in the fields of agricultural, biological, and forestry sciences and the only university in Peru offering degrees in meteorology. The university is organized into eight faculties which contain twelve academic departments. It is considered one of the most important higher education institutions of Peru.
This study aimed to investigate the participation of cytochrome P450 in the tolerance of common bean genotypes to the herbicides fomesafen and imazamox. A completely randomized design was adopted in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme (herbicide x genotype), with three replications. The herbicide factor consisted of four levels: herbicide, malathion, herbicide + malathion, and control (no application). The following variables were evaluated: phytotoxicity (PY), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves (NL), number of pods per plant (NPP), and number of grains per plant (NGP). In the first experiment, only NPP and NGP were not affected, showing no significant differences between treatments and control. In the second experiment, significant differences were observed between treatments applied to the bean genotypes. The study highlights the involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase enzymes (CYP450) in the detoxification of fomesafen and imazamox. However, the application of malathion in combination with imazamox increased the sensitivity of the plants to the herbicide, acting as a key pathway in the degradation of the ALS enzyme. This led to increased plant injury and consequently reduced NPP and NGP. The study concludes that , CYP450 activity is directly in the the metabolism of the herbicides applied to the evaluated bean genotypes.
The effects of Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation on the growth, stress tolerance, and acclimatization of argan (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) seedlings under in vitro conditions were investigated. The impact of culture medium (minimal (M) vs. modified Strullu-Romand (MSR)) and root type (transformed carrot and chicory roots) on mycorrhization were first assessed. MSR medium slightly outperformed M medium in supporting mycorrhization, with colonization reaching 70
The Mediterranean Diet (MD) is recognized for its nutritional quality, health-promoting properties, and richness in bioactive compounds, yet studies analyzing complete traditional recipes considering both extractable and non-extractable fractions are limited. This study characterized the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and phenolic profile of 56 traditional MD recipes from eight countries, grouped into European Mediterranean (France, Italy, and Spain), African Mediterranean (Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco), and non-Mediterranean European (Luxembourg and Germany) regions. Samples were freeze-dried and subjected to aqueous-organic extraction followed by acid hydrolysis. TAC was measured using TEAC, ORAC, and total phenolics (Folin-Ciocalteu, reflecting reducing capacity), while phenolic profiles were analyzed by HPLC-DAD. Relationships between phenolics and TAC were evaluated using linear and mixed-effects models, accounting for country-level heterogeneity. Mediterranean recipes showed higher TAC and greater phenolic diversity than non-Mediterranean recipes, with a predominance of phenolic acids, secoiridoids, and flavonoids, reflecting characteristic olive oil use. In all regions, the non-extractable fraction contributed >80% to TAC, highlighting underestimation by conventional methods and its dominant contribution to dietary antioxidant intake. TEAC was positively associated with extractable phenolics, whereas ORAC reflected country-specific culinary features independently of total phenolic content. These findings underscore the significant bioactive potential of traditional MD recipes, which can be considered functional foods, and the importance of comprehensive evaluations of both extractable and non-extractable fractions for nutritional research and dietary interventions.
El tizón tardío, causado por el oomiceto Phytophthora infestans, constituye uno de los principales factores limitantes en la producción de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) en Nicaragua. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la capacidad inhibitoria in vitro de productos biológicos y sintéticos para el manejo de Phytophthora infestans (Tizón tardío). Se utilizaron aislados del patógeno provenientes de cuatro fincas de las comunidades El Robledal y El Zacatón, ubicadas en el departamento de Estelí, al Norte de Nicaragua. El aislamiento de Phytophthora infestans a partir de suelo, se realizó mediante el método de cultivo trampa, utilizando fragmentos de hojas de clavel (Dianthus caryophyllus) como material vegetal trampa, posteriormente fueron sembrados en medio de cultivo agar centeno. La identificación a nivel de especie se realizó mediante claves morfológicas a nivel microscópico. La investigación fue de tipo experimental y se desarrolló en el laboratorio de microbiología vegetal de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, en Mangua, Nicaragua, bajo un diseño completamente al azar (DCA). Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: Metalaxyl + mancozeb, oxicloruro de cobre, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma sp., y un testigo absoluto (para determinar el porcentaje de inhibición) con seis repeticiones por tratamiento, totalizando 30 unidades experimentales. Las variables evaluadas fueron identificación de aislados de la rizosfera de papa, capacidad inhibitoria in vitro de Bacillus subtillis, oxicloruro de cobre, metalaxyl+mancozeb, y actividad antagónica de Trichoderma sp. Los resultados obtenidos de capacidad inhibitoria fueron analizados de forma cuantitativa a través de porcentaje de inhibición de crecimiento radial y de forma cualitativa, los datos de antagonismo mediante la escala de cinco clases; se realizó un análisis de varianza para las variables porcentaje de inhibición, mostrando diferencias significativas, siendo el tratamiento más efectivo en capacidad inhibitoria metalaxyl+mancozeb con 88 %, seguido de oxicloruro de cobre con 86 %. Aunque Bacillus subtilis y Trichoderma sp., presentaron bajos porcentajes de inhibición en el crecimiento radial de Phytophthora infestans comparados con los productos sintéticos, estos se clasifican como antifúngico, en el caso de la bacteria Bacillus subtilis y como altamente antagonista el hongo Trichoderma sp.
In Nicaragua, a large volume of peanut (groundnut) grains is produced for export, and the deterioration of peanut grains by fungi is a highly recurrent issue. Fungi belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Fusarium are very common and pose a great threat because of their saprophytic tendency, as well as their capacity to produce mycotoxins. The objective of this study was to identify the main fungi associated with peanut crops (Arachis hypogaea L.) during the pre-harvest stage. Samples were collected from peanut fields in the León Department, Nicaragua, using sterilized rice traps, which were then taken to the laboratory to isolate and purify mycotoxigenic pathogens. The isolates were identified and characterized morphologically and morphometrically, and peanut grain samples were obtained from the study farms and subjected to aflatoxin analysis for identification and quantification using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Four mycotoxigenic pathogens were isolated, purified, and identified based on their micro-and macroscopic characteristics: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp, and Fusarium solani; morphometrically, Fusarium solani presented the largest colony diameter. The aflatoxin analysis indicates that only aflatoxin B1 and B2 were found, with the San Antonio farm recording the highest number of total aflatoxins 35.23 μg/kg ± 4.39 μg/kg. All farms where aflatoxins were identified and quantified also presented Aspergillus flavus as a common pathogen. The confirmed presence of these mycotoxigenic pathogens, especially Aspergillus and Fusarium species, underscores the high risk of peanut contamination during the pre-harvest stage in the León region, which represents a serious threat to the quality of grains destined for export.
