Background and purpose The problem of injury prevention in sports with changing circumstances and, accordingly, the preparation of future physical education and sports specialists for injury prevention in their students is of great relevance both for sports achievements and for maintaining the health of athletes. Purpose: based on a systematic analysis of the literature, to develop and substantiate the concept of an individual approach to injury prevention and to determine ways to train physical education and sports specialists to implement this concept in practical activities in the training process in sports with changing circumstances. Material and methods The search and selection of publications for analysis complied with the 2020 recommendations to ensure transparency and reproducibility. The following scientific electronic databases were selected to search for publications: Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar until November 25, 2025. Results The most effective preventive measures were identified: Neuromuscular training (NMT), Strengthening the cortex and stabilizers, Dosing the load, Improving equipment and the environment. Training future specialists in physical education and sports for injury prevention should be conducted in two main areas: 1 - mastering the skills and abilities to prevent injuries in their own sports activities; 2 - mastering the knowledge of injury prevention in sports with changing circumstances and the ability to transfer this knowledge to future students. Conclusions The injury prevention system involves the integration of the following vectors of work and training of specialists: theoretical and methodological, analytical, practical. The theoretical and methodological vector involves the formation of a concept of the individual characteristics of the organism. The analytical vector consists of biomechanical analysis of movement techniques, registration of psychophysiological functions, anthropometric indicators, etc. The practical vector involves monitoring the athlete's condition, applying injury prevention measures, and planning the process of training athletes in sports with changing circumstances, taking into account their individual characteristics.
In our previous work, we reported the one-pot synthesis of novel fused mesoionic heterocycles of the 1-substituted-5-thioxo-5,6-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-1-ium-2-thiolate series. In the present study, we have further developed and significantly improved this methodology. A simplified one-step procedure was achieved by employing 2-isothiocyanatobenzonitrile instead of the corresponding ester, which markedly streamlined the synthetic protocol and broadened the reaction scope. The improved method afforded higher yields for several compounds previously described and enabled the preparation of new derivatives with diverse substituents. All synthesized compounds were fully characterized by elemental and spectroscopic analyses. Considering that NMR and LC/MS methods alone cannot provide unambiguous structural confirmation for these systems, the meso-ionic product structure was conclusively established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A conceptual DFT analysis was performed on the obtained structure.
Background/Objectives: Compounded vaginal creams are widely used for conditions such as hormone replacement therapy, vaginal dryness, low libido, vaginal infections, etc. Recent research highlights the potential of using anhydrous bases to extend shelf life, particularly when combined with self-emulsifying and mucoadhesive properties that improve mucosal retention and enhance drug bioavailability. This study provides in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of an anhydrous vaginal base. Methods: Key quality indicators such as irritation potential, leakage potential, pH compatibility, mucoadhesion, and self-emulsification were assessed using the chorioallantoic membrane Hen’s Egg Test, MTT assay, texture analysis, and fluorescence microscopy. Results: The anhydrous vaginal base demonstrated high cell viability (>78%) and non-irritant potential (IS = 2.5) in in vitro assays. It maintained physiological vaginal pH (4.56 ± 0.05), showed strong mucoadhesive properties comparable to commercial products, and exhibited minimal leakage. Ex vivo studies confirmed its prolonged retention on vaginal tissues. The anhydrous vaginal base formed stable emulsions upon contact with vaginal fluid simulant, effectively distributing both lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds. Conclusions: Compared to water-containing bases, an anhydrous vaginal base shows advantages: longer retention time and lower leakage; adaptability to varying vaginal fluid levels; and efficient dispersion of both hydrophilic and lipophilic active pharmaceutical ingredients. These features support its potential use in compounded vaginal products, minimizing stability risks and enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes.
In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to natural compounds as potential agents due to their broad spectrum of biological activities. Plant-derived antioxidants with anti-inflammatory properties are of particular interest, as they may suppress pathological pathways. Therefore, the search for novel natural compounds capable of attenuating inflammation remains a promising area of biomedical research. The aim of work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of a blackberry thick fruit extract using an in vivo model and molecular docking. Materials and methods. The object of study was a blackberry thick fruit extract. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDockTools 1.5.6. Anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by the model of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Results. Theoretical assessment of the anti-inflammatory activity of the blackberry fruit extract showed that blackberry anthocyanins as cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-(3”-malonyl glycoside) and cyanidin-3-xyloside blocked highly selective three out four pro-inflammatory targets as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), phospholipase A2 and 5-lipooxygenes (5-LOX), whereas, сyanidin-3,3’-diglucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside highly selective blocked two out of four targets as phospholipase A2 and 5-LOX. There was not found any high selective inhibitor among anthocyanins of nuclear factor kB (NF-kB), whereas cyanidin-3-xyloside showed a moderate selectivity. Experimental studies have shown the blackberry fruit thick extract at a dose of 60.0 mg/kg and 30.0 mg/kg significantly reduces edema after 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours compared to the control group. Conclusions. Theoretical and experimental research of anti-inflammatory properties of blackberry fruit extract using molecular docking analysis and in vivo model of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, respectively, has been conducted. Theoretical results have shown blackberry anthocyanins possessed ability to inhibit all crucial pro-inflammatory targets as COX-2, phospholipase A2, 5-LOX and Nf-kB. Experimental results have demonstrated that blackberry thick fruit extract at doses of 60.0 mg/kg and 30.0 mg/kg possessed the ability to significantly inhibit inflammation at all stages of the carrageenan-induced paw edema model.
The modern development of the pharmaceutical industry is focused on improving the efficacy, safety, and personalization of pharmacotherapy, which is particularly relevant in the field of hormone replacement therapy for women of different age groups. One of the most important hormones, the deficiency of which leads to hormone-dependent conditions such as menopause, is estradiol. The estradiol dosage forms currently available on the pharmaceutical market (tablets, gels, patches, and sprays) have a number of limitations, including low bioavailability, the risk of thromboembolic events, and interindividual variability in absorption, which necessitates the development of new drug delivery systems. A promising approach involves oromucosal dosage forms, particularly pastilles which provide avoidance of first-pass hepatic metabolism, stable absorption, and convenience of administration. In this context, the preparation of estradiol valerate pastilles for sublingual or transbuccal administration may represent the first step toward the development of a series of personalized medicinal products for women with various clinical needs, ranging from menopausal disorders to hormone deficiency following gynecological surgery. Furthermore, extemporaneous pharmacy compounding has the potential to serve as a basis for the implementation of estradiol valerate medicinal products in the form of pastilles to meet patient needs.To introduce the proposed medicinal product into pharmaceutical practice, it is necessary to ensure the quality of the finished product in accordance with current regulatory requirements. Therefore, the aim of the study was to provide analytical support for the pharmaceutical development of pastilles containing estradiol valerate and to assess the compliance of the quality control methods with pharmacopoeial requirements and international standards.For the identification, assessment of content uniformity, and quantitative determination of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the studied dosage form, a liquid chromatography method adapted from the European Pharmacopoeia monograph “Estradiol Valerate” and verified in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine was applied.The studied validation characteristics demonstrated that the excipients did not interfere with the determination of estradiol valerate in the tested formulation, and the obtained results were reliable and not affected by systematic error.During the study, the analytical procedure was successfully adapted for the quantitative determination of estradiol valerate in pastilles for sublingual or transbuccal administration; the content of the active substance in the medicinal product upon release was (0.710±0.0084) mg. The data obtained from the chemical stability study demonstrated that the medicinal product remained stable for 6 months under storage conditions at a temperature of (20±5)°C.The proposed method for the determination of estradiol valerate in pastilles may be recommended for submission to regulatory authorities for registration purposes, with the prospect of its further application in official quality control procedures and the implementation of extemporaneous medicinal product compounding practice in pharmacies.
