OPJS University

Dietary antioxidants play a vital role in protecting the human body against oxidative stress by neutralizing Reactive Oxygen Species. These bioactive compounds, widely found in plant-based foods, help prevent cellular damage caused by free radicals, thereby reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. This study examines the major categories of dietary antioxidants, including vitamins, carotenoids, and polyphenols, along with their natural food sources. It also highlights the mechanisms through which these compounds maintain cellular integrity, enhance immune function, and regulate oxidative balance

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects people of all ages throughout the world and produces serious physical and mental health effects. The effectiveness of standard acne treatments, which use topical retinoids, antibiotics, and benzoyl peroxide, faces multiple obstacles, which include difficulty maintaining proper skin absorption and skin discomfort, the development of antibacterial resistance, and patients' restricted ability to follow treatment plans. Researchers have discovered that nanotechnology provides a new way to solve existing problems, which lets them develop drugs that will be more effective and stable under specific situations while delivering drugs to specific targets. The therapeutic effectiveness of acne treatments has been enhanced through the use of various types of nanoparticles, which include liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and metallic nanoparticles. The system, which controls drug release, enables better follicular drug penetration while decreasing systemic drug distribution, which leads to greater treatment effectiveness with fewer side effects. The study investigates how nanoparticles function in acne treatment through their operational mechanisms, product development methods and their results in medical testing. The team performed a thorough review of existing literature to study how nanoparticles deliver anti-acne treatments, which include antibiotics, retinoids, and anti-inflammatory substances, along with herbal medicines. The research team examined all methodological and statistical methods that researchers used in their preclinical and clinical investigations. The studies, which researchers published, show that nanoparticles, when used in therapeutic formulas, achieve better results by decreasing inflammatory lesions, bacterial load, and sebum production than standard treatments. The discussion section describes safety issues and difficulties that arise during production at an industrial scale, and the requirements that need to be met according to regulations. The research proves that nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems enable clinicians to provide their patients with efficient acne treatments that show precise effects and cause minimal discomfort. The application of these technologies in dermatology needs both ongoing clinical investigations and the development of standardized practices.

Calcitonin functions as a peptide hormone that medical professionals commonly apply to treat osteoporosis and Paget's disease, and hypercalcemia because it prevents osteoclasts from breaking down bone. Medical practitioners currently use injectable and intranasal methods to deliver calcitonin because the drug has low oral bioavailability, which results from its enzymatic breakdown and restricted absorption in the intestines. The pharmaceutical industry considers calcitonin delivery through oral routes to be difficult, yet the method brings benefits that include better patient treatment, increased medication usage, and improved patient health results. The review analyzes how recent developments in oral calcitonin formulation research have advanced through enzyme inhibitors and permeation enhancers, which serve as the main technologies for product development. The gastrointestinal tract contains proteolytic enzymes, which include pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, that quickly destroy peptide hormones. The use of aprotinin and soybean trypsin inhibitor, and protease-resistant formulation matrices as enzyme inhibitors shows potential for maintaining calcitonin integrity. Permeation enhancers, including medium-chain fatty acids, bile salts, surfactants, and chitosan derivatives, permanently enhance epithelial permeability, which enables transcellular and paracellular transport. The research demonstrates that enzyme inhibition methods, which combine with permeability enhancement techniques, lead to better oral calcitonin absorption results when applied through proper optimization methods that maintain intestinal safety. The article presents a review that examines formulation methods and their impact on pharmacokinetics and safety assessments, and the difficulties of translating research findings into real-world applications. The evidence supports the use of oral calcitonin as a valid treatment option when delivery systems are developed to achieve both effective results and tolerance by mucosal tissues. The development of new peptide drug delivery methods will make oral calcitonin administration possible in normal clinical settings.

Mycotoxin contamination caused by fungal pathogens remains a persistent threat to global food security, while the long-standing reliance on synthetic fungicides is increasingly challenged by resistance development and toxicological concerns. Here, we synthesize current knowledge on mycotoxin ecology and present to our knowledge, for the first time an integrated functional framework linking postharvest microbiome modulation with practical control strategies. Our analysis shows that beneficial microbial consortia suppress mycotoxigenic fungi through complementary mechanisms, including competitive exclusion, mycoparasitism, and enzymatic detoxification. We further classify these microbial antagonists according to their ecological niches and functional interactions within stored-product systems, providing a high-resolution perspective on the role of the plant-associated microbiome as a target for intervention. In parallel, we evaluate recent advances in multiomics approaches and artificial intelligence (AI), highlighting their potential to shift mycotoxin management from reactive detection to proactive risk prediction. The integration of sensor-based storage systems, automated monitoring, and explainable AI (XAI) is proposed as a scalable strategy for real-time identification and mitigation of contamination risks. We conclude that postharvest mycotoxin control is moving toward a digital–biological paradigm, in which microbiome engineering and intelligent monitoring systems provide sustainable, residue-free alternatives to chemical interventions. Future research should focus on validating these integrated approaches under real storage conditions, improving their scalability, and ensuring accessibility across diverse agricultural systems.

Phishing is the criminal effort to steal delicate information such as account details, passwords, usernames, credit, and debit card details for malicious use. Phishing fraud might be the most popular cybercrime used today. The online and webmail payment sectors are highly affected by phishing attacks. Nowadays, attackers create many techniques that pave the way for them to steal all personal information from the selected victims easily. However, numerous anti-phishing techniques are used to detect the phishing attack, such as blacklist, visual similarity, heuristic detection, Deep Learning (DL), and Machine Learning (ML) techniques. ML techniques are more efficient at detecting phishing attacks, and these techniques also rectify the drawbacks of existing approaches. This paper provides a detailed review of various phishing techniques, encompassing phishing mediums, phishing vectors, and numerous technical approaches. Also, new research works are analyzed to detect phishing websites using heuristic, visual similarity, DL, and ML models. Neural Networks (NNs), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), Support Vector Machine (SVM), fuzzy logic methods, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) techniques, Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), Adaboost -Extra Tree (AET) classifiers based on ML models are examined in this review paper.