Introduction: Hydrogels are highly versatile materials in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, tenable properties, and ability to mimic the natural extracellular matrix. These three-dimensional polymeric networks exhibit outstanding waterretention capacity, making them ideal for use in tissue engineering, wound healing, and controlled drug delivery systems. Recent advances in hydrogel technology have led to the development of "smart" hydrogels that respond to external stimuli such as pH, temperature, and specific biomolecular interactions, significantly enhancing their potential for targeted therapies. Functionalization with bioactive molecules and integration with nanotechnology have further broadened their scope, enabling applications in regenerative medicine and precision healthcare. Despite these promising developments, challenges remain—particularly concerning large-scale production, mechanical strength, and controlled degradation kinetics. Methods: To obtain the necessary data, the procedure involves thoroughly searching multiple databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SciFinder, for citations relevant to the topic under investigation. Results: This study provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogel classification, synthesis methods, physicochemical properties, and biological applications. It also explores innovative strategies to overcome existing limitations. The integration of hydrogels with cutting-edge technologies such as 3D bioprinting, nanomedicine, and artificial intelligence underscores their growing significance in translational medicine. Conclusion: By combining the aforementioned advantages, hydrogel materials have emerged as a breakthrough in cancer treatment, offering promising potential to enhance both the survival rate and quality of life for cancer patients.
Clinical pharmacotherapy and can influence medication safety and effectiveness. The current research investigated ADR patterns and their risk factors in patients receiving pharmacotherapy. An observational study was performed during six months involving 150 patients. ADRs were characterized based on clinical pattern, involved therapeutic class, causality, severity and preventability of the reactions, while patient-related and therapy-related risk factors were statistically analyzed. Out of 150 patients, 36 (24.0%) suffered from ADRs with the total number of 45 ADR occurrences reported. The most common type of adverse drug reaction was gastrointestinal reaction (26.7%), neurological (20.0%) and dermatological reactions (17.8%). The most frequently implicated therapeutic classes were antimicrobial drugs (24.4%), cardiovascular (20.0%) and antidiabetic drugs (15.6%). The majority of ADRs was classified as mild and moderate, and 40.0% of ADRs were definitely or probably preventable. Multiple regression analysis revealed that polypharmacy was an independent risk factor of ADR occurrence, whereas patient's age was another significant factor affecting the risk of ADRs.
Biliary excretion and poor aqueous solubility are significant concerns about Rosuvastatin's (RSV) low oral bioavailability. Incorporating the green chemistry concept into the formulation at an industrial scale is another major concern nowadays. The present study aimed to develop immediate-release (IR) pastilles of RSV and Piperine (PIP) using advanced data mining tools and exploring the concept of green chemistry. The secondary objective was to develop and validate the analytical method for estimating RSV and PIP. The Q-absorbance ratio method was developed and validated to estimate both drugs in formulation. The IR pastilles were formulated using a modified method incorporating a laboratory-scale pastillator. The pastilles were formulated by mixing, melting and solidifying the mixture in a single-step process. The concept of green chemistry, i.e., no use of organic solvent and no dust generation, was accomplished. The PIP was used as a bioenhancer, preventing RSV from entering the bile and increasing bioavailability and systemic exposure in the body. The RSV and PIP solubility were improved by formulating the pastilles using the hydrophilic carrier. The Box Behnken design (BBD) was applied to optimize pastilles. The amount of Soluplus, Primellose, and PEG 6000: HPMC E5 ratio were taken as critical material attributes (CMAs), and disintegration time,
Posaconazole (POS) is widely used as an antifungal agent effective against Candida infections. Because of its very low water and high fat solubility, it falls under the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II. It showed considerable differences in absorption rates among individuals when administered orally. To overcome these obstacles, the current research concentrates on creating a solid self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) for oral delivery of POS to enhance its dissolution rate and bioavailability. The choice of formulation components, Capmul MCM C8 as an oil, Tween 20 as a surfactant, and Acrysol K140 as a co-surfactant depended on their ability to solubilize POS and their capacity to form emulsions. Ternary phase diagrams were drawn to pinpoint and delineate the micro-emulsification region. The D-optimal mixture design was employed to facilitate the selection of the most optimized formulation by evaluating vital product characteristics including globule size, zeta potential, transparency percentage as well as emulsification efficiency. The optimized liquid SNEDDS (L-SNEDDS) was then converted into a solid state by employing Neusilin® US2 as a porous carrier, improving the product’s stability and handling ease. The prepared formulation was further evaluated by in vitro and in vivo study. Examination of the S-SNEDDS structure through scanning electron microscopy showed spherical, granular particles, suggesting favourable flow characteristics. Dissolution tests conducted in vitro revealed that the rate of POS release from the S-SNEDDS was superior to that of unprocessed drug and marketed formulation. In vivo bioavailability study showed 2.27 and 1.96 fold higher bioavailability as compared to pure drug and marketed formulation respectively. Present study revealed that the ability to self-emulsify was preserved when the L-SNEDDS was solidified. Further it demonstrated enhancement in dissolution and bioavailability of POS which depicted use of developed POS loaded S-SNEDDS for successful oral administration.
A better functional and site-specific drug delivery system for ophthalmic disease is necessary for the treatment of glaucoma. The present study aimed to design a brinzolamide (BRZ)-loaded cubosomal solid lipid nano-vesicular system (Cube-SLNV) that accomplished advanced statistical tools. Another objective was to overcome the problem of burst release associated with Glyceryl monooleate (GMO) Cube-SLNV by incorporating Gelucire 43/01 (GC43/01). The emulsification method was used to synthesize BRZ Cube-SLNV. The Plackett–Burman design (PBD) was utilized to screen the critical material (CMAs) and process attributes (CPPs). The optimization of the Cube-SLNV was accomplished through Box-Behnken design (BBD). Multivariate tools were applied to estimate the correlation between screened CMAs and critical quality attributes (CQAs). The Cube-SLNV was characterized by size, its size distribution, stability, thermal behavior, chemical interactions, BRZ release, entrapment efficiency, pH, sterility testing, and ex vivo irritation study. GMO and GC43/01 were chosen as solid lipids, whereas Poloxamer 407 (PLX) was a stabilizer for Cube-SLNV in preliminary trials. PBD—the Pareto chart suggested the significant influence of the amount of GMO, GC43/01, and PLX on the performance of Cube-SLNV, so chosen as CMAs for further optimization. BBD identified a crucial relationship between chosen CMAs and CQAs – Cube-SLNV size, poly-dispersibility index (PDI), and BRZ release. The optimized Cube-SLNV size was determined to be 101.2 nm, with a zeta potential of − 34.6 mV, a PDI of 0.253, and more than 90
