Satellite image examination requests necessitate precise grouping and efficient division. The unique Gradient-Hopping Hybrid Optimizer (GHHO) for satellite image segmentation is combined with a Pattern-Adaptive Classifier Fusion (PACF) for seamless classification in this study's new framework. By dynamically adapting classification methods to distinct feature sets, the concept of PACF enables adaptation to a wide range of landscapes, atmospheric conditions, and sensor specifications. By enabling precise classification of intricate patterns in satellite data, this sophisticated method enhances robustness across diverse contexts. To fragment satellite images, this cross-breed procedure provides an adaptable, versatile solution for enhancing complex capabilities. The proposed work achieves an accuracy of 95.2%, with an error rate of 0.8. Pattern-adaptive classifier fusion techniques use regularization and dropout to reduce overfitting. This streamlining agent's crossover plan, which consolidates worldwide investigation by bouncing with angle-based strategies, could help escape local minima.
Improving biomass and yield in legumes remains a major agronomic challenge, and the interaction between silicon fertilization and microbial inoculation in regulating these responses is not well understood. This study evaluated the combined effects of silicon (Si) application and microbial inoculation with Azospirillum and Bradyrhizobium on growth and yield components of peanut. A factorial Completely Randomized Design was used with three microbial treatments (none, Azospirillum, Bradyrhizobium) and two silicon levels (0 and + Si). Significant Microbe × Silicon interactions were observed for total biomass, harvest index, pod traits, and seed yield whereas root structural traits did not show significant treatment responses. Under non-silicon conditions, Azospirillum produced the highest seed yield mainly through increased seed number. In contrast, silicon increased biomass accumulation under Bradyrhizobium but reduced yield when combined with Azospirillum. Correlation and multivariate analyses identified seed number and harvest index as key variables associated with yield variation. Overall, the results demonstrate that peanut responses to silicon differed depending on the microbial inoculant applied, highlighting the importance of considering microbial inoculation when evaluating silicon management strategies for improving growth and yield in legume production systems.
Background and aims – The Philippines harbours 22 recognized species of Amorphophallus, with 20 endemic taxa; however, their phylogenetic relationships remain poorly understood owing to limited molecular data. This study explored the monophyly and phylogenetic placement of Philippine Amorphophallus using molecular markers. Material and methods – Two plastid markers (rbcL and matK) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS1) were sequenced for 26 Philippine Amorphophallus specimens. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses were performed on individual and combined datasets comprising 471 GenBank sequences representing 158 Amorphophallus species and three outgroups, and 63 Philippine Amorphophallus sequences generated in this study. Key results – Philippine Amorphophallus is polyphyletic, with species distributed across different clades. A strongly supported Paeoniifolius-Manta clade was recovered, including several Philippine taxa (A. paeoniifolius, A. rostratus, A. samarensis, and A. urceolatus) characterized by sessile spadices and verruculate petioles. Two Palawan accessions (A. natolii and A. cf. natolii) grouped within A. subgenus Metandrium, distinctly separated from other Philippine species. Conclusion – Results imply two independent colonization events from northern and southern biogeographical routes of Southeast Asia and Borneo. Unresolved polytomies indicate the need for phylogenomic studies. This first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Philippine Amorphophallus provides a foundation for systematic revisions, biogeography, and recognition of latent diversity in this megadiverse archipelago.
Environmental degradation remains a critical global concern, necessitating the development of environmental awareness and sustainable waste management practices at the household and community levels. This study aimed to determine the significant relationship between the level of awareness and solid waste management practices among residents of Turu, Magalang, Pampanga. The study employed a descriptive-correlational research design involving 156 randomly selected residents and key informants. Data was collected using an adopted standardized survey instrument designed to assess respondents’ awareness and practices related to solid waste management. The gathered data was analyzed using descriptive method. Findings revealed that both residents and key informants demonstrated a high level of awareness regarding solid waste management, with general mean scores of 3.43 and 3.78, respectively. Results indicate that respondents possess adequate knowledge and awareness of their responsibilities in minimizing household solid waste generation and understanding the environmental impacts associated with improper waste disposal. In terms of practices, respondents and key informants reported that solid waste management activities were “always practiced,” obtaining mean scores of 3.52 and 3.64, respectively. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of strengthening environmental awareness programs to further enhance sustainable solid waste management practices within the community.
Abstract Nutrient limitation is a persistent constraint to mung bean in low-input cropping systems, where micronutrient availability plays a critical role in nodulation, biomass allocation, and yield. This study examined the individual and combined effects of molybdenum (Mo) and silicon (Si) on growth, root–nodule, and yield of Vigna radiata L. grown under nitrogen-limited soil conditions. A pot experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with four treatments: control, Si, Mo, and combined Si + Mo. Plant height was not influenced by micronutrient application, indicating limited effects on shoot elongation. In contrast, Mo substantially improved belowground development, resulting in greater root biomass, increased nodule fresh weight, and higher seed number and seed yield compared with the control. Si alone significantly altered root traits and nodulation, demonstrating its capacity to modify belowground allocation. The combined Si + Mo promoted greater allocation to root and nodule biomass relative to individual treatments; however, this response was accompanied by reduced pod number and seed yield relative to Mo alone, indicating an imbalance in assimilates partitioning. Correlation and principal component analysis provided clear insight into traits, that Mo-treated plants were closely associated with yield-related parameters, whereas the combined Si + Mo aligned with root biomass and nodulation. Overall, the findings indicate that Mo is a key micronutrient for optimizing nodulation and reproductive performance of mung bean, while silicon plays a direct role in shaping root and nodule development.
