Parahyangan Catholic University, also referred to by its acronym UNPAR, is one of the oldest and most prestigious private universities in Indonesia, located in the city of Bandung. The main campus is located on Ciumbuleuit street, and other campuses are located on Merdeka street, Aceh street and Nias street. Before owning a building on Merdeka street, UNPAR also used the "Panti Budaya" building (now a new Bank Indonesia Building) for college activities.Parahyangan Catholic University was founded in 1955 by the leadership of the Catholic Church in Indonesia at that time through cooperation between the Bishop of Bandung, Pierre Marin Arntz, O.S.C. and Bishop of Bogor, Paternus Nicholas Joannes Cornelius Geise, O.F.M. in response to a lack of highly educated experts to build Indonesia after the War of Independence.UNPAR has the motto Bakuning Hyang Mrih Guna Santyaya Bhakti which means "Based on the belief in God, pursuing knowledge in devotion to the community".S.C.F.M.
Abstract This paper examines perceived construction risk allocation under design–bid–build contracts and evaluates the degree of agreement between clients and contractors regarding which party should bear specific risks in the Indonesian construction context. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey of 53 respondents, who evaluated the allocation of 73 construction risks. Descriptive analysis based on median values was used to identify general patterns of risk allocation, while inferential analysis examined differences in perception and associations between allocation and agreement. Agreement was assessed at both the aggregate and individual risk item levels. The results indicate that contractors are perceived as bearing the majority of construction risks, and no statistically significant differences are observed between client and contractor respondents in risk allocation. Overall, allocation patterns are broadly consistent with expectations. However, several deviations are observed in which risks are partially shifted to other parties, even though they are largely within a single party’s control. At the aggregate level, agreement is found to be unacceptable, with nearly half of the risks exhibiting a lack of or weak agreement, particularly for client-related and shared risks. Contractor respondents display higher levels of agreement, and risks allocated more heavily to contractors are associated with stronger agreement. These findings highlight the potential for conflict arising from disagreement in risk allocation and offer theoretical and practical implications.
Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a promising electrode material for supercapacitors, yet its electrochemical performance is often limited by poor conductivity and a severe restacking tendency. Heteroatom doping with nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and fluorine (F) can significantly improve the surface and electronic properties of rGO. Herein, we synthesized and compared co-doped rGO structures using NH4F and NaF as doping precursors, while optimizing the precursor concentration for the NaF doped samples. Interestingly, a controlled amount of Na+ ions from NaF could affect on the electrochemical active sites. SEM observation reveals that the porous rGO structure remains intact after doping. Deconvolution of the Raman spectra shows higher ID/IG and AD/AG ratios for the NaFSN-rGO samples, indicating successful defect generation by the dopant atoms. Furthermore, EDX analysis confirms the successful incorporation of dopants into the rGO matrix, showing excellent agreement with other characterization methods. The XRD spectra exhibit a broadening of the (002) peak from rGO to the doped rGO structures, reflecting a transition toward a more amorphous phase with increased interlayer spacing. Cyclic voltammetry curves confirm the pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanisms of the various co-doped samples NFS-rGO, NS-rGO and NaFSN-rGO. Pronounced redox peaks were observed for the NaFSN-rGO 0.2 sample, which achieved the highest specific capacitance of 176.67 F/g.These results highlight the critical role of precursor selection in producing active sites , accessible pathways on the rGO matrix for efficient charge transfer. Ultimately, both NaF and NH4F 4 F provide unique charge-transfer characteristics that enhance perfor- mance in electrochemical energy storage devices.
Purpose: This study aims to map the scientific landscape of Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM), particularly its implications for modern distribution systems and its linkage to accounting and finance. this research addresses the limited evidence on how sustainability practices are integrated into corporate reporting and financial performance measurement. Research design, data and methodology: A combined Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and scientometric analysis was conducted using the Scopus database and Watase Uake software. Following the PRISMA protocol, 39 peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2025 were identified. Results: Findings reveal a growing body of SSCM research, with China, Italy, and the United Kingdom as leading contributors. Three thematic clusters dominate the field: green supply chain and environmental performance; sustainability disclosure and corporate governance; and financial implications of SSCM practices. Thematic evolution shows a shift from cost-efficiency to valuebased sustainability, although empirical findings on the relationship between sustainability disclosure and financial indicators remain inconsistent. Conclusion: This study highlights the underexplored accounting-finance dimension of SSCM and identifies potential mediating and moderating mechanisms, including corporate reputation, governance quality, and investor perceptions. The findings provide insights for policymakers and firms to enhance transparency and accountability in sustainability reporting, particularly in emerging economies.
In this paper, we develop a multi-item inventory model for time-deteriorated items, where demand is assumed to be time-and inventory-dependent. The mathematical model determines the optimal time between replenishments and the time at which inventory drops to zero, thereby minimizing total inventory costs. In the multi-item case, the optimal replenishment policy is determined by comparing available policies, such as individual, joint, or a combination of individual and joint policies. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the effects of changes in model parameters on the time between replenishment, the time at which inventory drops to zero, the order quantity, and the total inventory cost.
Technological development brought the risk of networks being threatened by computer viruses which led to data breaches and financial losses for companies. To mitigate this risk, insurance products were offered to protect against these virus spread attacks. This epidemic phenomenon was modeled using both the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible compartment model and the Markov model. The estimated population from the SIRS model was used as dataset for the distribution fitting process within the Markov model. The estimated parameters were used for simulations to calculate the upper bound infection and stationary probabilities, the number of infection events, and the resulting financial losses. From these losses, the insurance premium was estimated using the standard deviation calculation principle. The results showed that the SIRS model and the Markov model had similar characteristics, allowing for distribution fitting, specifically the infection and recovery processes. The upper bound infection probability obtained from the simulation was used to estimate the likelihood of claims resulting from virus infections. The insurance premium value for the risk of networks being attacked by computer viruses was grouped based on the antivirus performance of the computer network, determined through the underwriting process.
