Maintaining oral health is essential for preventing dental plaque, and toothpaste is a primary tool for supporting oral hygiene. Herbal-based toothpaste is considered a safer alternative due to its natural bioactive compounds, which have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This study was conducted to assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of a toothpaste formulation containing royal jelly, black cumin, ginger, and cinnamon extracts. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, and NO scavenging assays, while antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the disk diffusion method against Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. The polyherbal toothpaste mix exhibited the highest scavenging activity in the DPPH (50.89%), ABTS (15.71%), NO (33.97%), and H2O2 (23.04%) assays, and showed significant antimicrobial activity against three representative oral pathogens at 100% concentration. The polyherbal toothpaste mix demonstrated significant antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, supporting its potential application as a natural dental care product.
This study examines the influence of audit committees, audit opinion, audit tenure, and auditor industry specialization on audit report lag in property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2023–2025 period. The study is motivated by the persistent delays in financial statement submissions, with the property and real estate sector consistently recording the highest number of late submissions over the past two years, despite regulatory mandates requiring audited financial statements to be published within 90 days. The sample consists of 201 firm-year observations obtained from 67 property and real estate companies selected using purposive sampling. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to test the proposed hypotheses. The results indicate that audit opinion has a significant negative effect on audit report lag, suggesting that companies receiving unqualified opinions tend to have shorter audit completion times. Audit tenure also has a significant negative effect on audit report lag, indicating that longer auditor-client relationships facilitate more efficient audit execution through accumulated knowledge and familiarity. In contrast, audit committees and auditor industry specialization do not significantly influence audit report lag, implying that oversight roles focus on accuracy rather than speed, and that professional standards and company-specific complexity may outweigh the benefits of industry specialization. The model explains 17.1% of the variation in audit report lag. These findings suggest that maintaining high-quality financial reporting to obtain unqualified opinions and considering continuity with audit firms within regulatory limits are effective strategies for minimizing audit report lag in the property and real estate sector.
With the prevalence of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), educating students about the expected social behavior is essential. However, current approaches are labor intensive, overly general, and/or have limited educational impact. The author presents an online platform that automatically informs students about GenAI misuse. For each code program, the platform will report whether it differs more than other already-submitted programs (10% or less similarity). GenAI-generated programs tend to differ, and students are discouraged from using them directly. The report also features instructors’ expectations. To further promote the impact, the author provided short weekly quizzes. The author’s five quasi-experiments involving 468 students demonstrated that students using the platform were slightly more aware of GenAI misuse and plagiarism, with the largest increase of 13% for overall awareness and 37% for specific aspects. The students were also less likely to be involved in such misconduct. Students saw the relevance of code differences, the platform, and the implementation strategy.
Objectives:This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective effects of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived secretome (hUCMSC-Sec) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced HepG2 cells as an in vitro model of liver inflammation. Materials and Methods:hUCMSC-Sec was obtained from conditioned media of hUCMSCs at passage four. Inflammation was induced in HepG2 cells using LPS. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the WST-8 assay. Hepatoprotective effects of hUCMSC-Sec at concentrations of 12.5%, 4.17%, and 1.39% were evaluated by measuring alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Gene expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), SMAD-7, collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1), and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. Results:hUCMSC-Sec concentrations ranging from 1.6% to 25% were non-toxic, maintaining cell viability above 90%. Treatment with hUCMSC-Sec significantly reduced ALT, AST, GGT, and TNF-α levels in LPS-induced HepG2 cells. In addition, hUCMSC-Sec down-regulated α-SMA, COL1A1, and MMP-1 expression, while up-regulating SMAD-7 expression. The concentration of 4.17% showed the most pronounced hepatoprotective effect. Conclusion:hUCMSC-derived secretome demonstrated hepatoprotective effects by attenuating inflammatory and fibrotic responses in LPS-induced HepG2 cells. However, as this study was limited to an in vitro model, further in vivo and clinical studies are required to confirm its therapeutic potential and translational applicability.
A BSTRACT Background: Cell-free regenerative approaches are increasingly considered in pregnancy, where safety margins are inherently narrow and therapeutic tolerance is limited. Among these, the umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UC-MSC)-derived secretome has gained attention. Still, its role at the maternal–fetal interface is not entirely straightforward, as angiogenic balance, immune tolerance, and inflammatory signaling rarely operate in isolation and tend to shift with context. Objective: To examine and integrate current evidence on UC-MSC-derived secretome in maternal–fetal interface disorders, with the aim of developing a mechanistically informed and translationally relevant framework. Methodology: This narrative review was conducted using a structured and systematic literature search informed by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 principles to ensure transparency in study identification and selection. A total of 312 records were screened across major databases, of which 35 studies were included following full-text assessment. Given the heterogeneity in study design, experimental models, and secretome characterization, a qualitative narrative synthesis was undertaken, with selected studies presented in structured tables based on methodological clarity and relevance. Results: Across diverse models, UC-MSC-derived secretome demonstrated predominantly paracrine effects, including partial restoration of angiogenic signaling, modulation of inflammatory pathways, and influence on immune cell dynamics at the maternal–fetal interface. These effects, however, were not uniform. Variations appeared across disease states, gestational timing, and bioengineering conditions, suggesting that biological activity is context-dependent rather than fixed. Conclusion: Such variability may be functionally meaningful rather than limiting. The concept of precision perinatal secretomics is proposed, framing the secretome as a modifiable therapeutic platform that can be aligned with specific pathophysiological contexts. While clinical translation remains incomplete, this perspective offers a structured way to connect mechanistic insight with future application.
