This article aims to analyze charismatic leadership to boost human potential in 21st-century organizations. Concepts and analyses of leadership, charisma, human potential, and other aspects related to the topic are presented through a rev w of traditional theories and contemporary approaches. To this end, the charismatic leadership present in organizations is investigated, while also considering its influence on human potential. Methodologically, the research is theoretical and documentary, with a bibliographic design. Authors such as Alc & aacute;zar (2020), Goleman (2014), Lussier and Ach & uacute;a (2014), Manzanilla (2024), among others, are consulted to characterize the most representative aspects of the subject under study. Among the most notable findings is the trend at the organizational level related to the need for more empowered and competitively oriented leaders, with a transformative vision, promoters of trust, with capacity and skills, and a favorable attitude towards interpersonal relationships. Innovative, empathetic leaders establish flexible strategies that enable the achievement of organizational goals. As a result of this article's reflection, the analysis provides insight into the organizational value of this type of charismatic leadership and its influence on fostering the human potential managed by organizations in the present century.
The management and storage of gases are essential to produce energy with low environmental impact from the different hydrocarbon basins in Venezuela. In particular, Eastern Venezuela Basin, where a wide variety of reservoirs with different types of complex mixtures are found (including the highly viscous oil reservoirs of the Orinoco Oil Belt), encompasses potential structures for management and storage of produced gases due to proven reservoir/seal integrity and existing infrastructure in many cases. This article presents a methodology for the storage of gases (i.e., carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, hydrogen) in an extra-heavy crude oil field in the Eastern Venezuela Basin, with special emphasis on the analyses of phase behavior, role of cushion and type of gas, flow and recovery mechanisms, as well as prospective additional recovery of hydrocarbons. To reproduce the phase behavior and flow/recovery mechanisms, it was necessary to build a fluid model by tuning an equation of state using a PVT analysis representative of the area under study (Junín Block of the Orinoco Belt), specifically, lab tests such as Constant Composition Expansion, Differential Liberation, separator tests, together with viscosity measurements. This fluid model was based on a tailored lumping scheme that allowed the evaluation of the injection of CO2, methane, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Additionally, miscibility slim tube experiments by injecting each of these gases (as solvents) are utilized and matched accordingly. Finally, multiple scenarios of gas injections were simulated in a cluster of wells in the field by evaluating gas injection time, injection and production rates, effect of pressure on the integrity of the reservoir, along with the possible impact on the production of hydrogen and additional recovery of hydrocarbons. Results of this study show the effect of the type of gas injected on the hydrocarbon storage and recovery capabilities in a real reservoir model, where the injected gases are immiscible with the selected extra-heavy crude oil. Different predictions of gas injection in both the crude oil and water zones, as well as the main mechanisms involved in the process are discussed in this article. Based on the complexity of current reservoir fluids (free gas, oil, water, emulsions, etc.), a program of fluid sampling and laboratory analyses are recommended, including pore scale analysis for the quantification of dissolution, trapping and wettability of the injected gases, among others. This article may serve as a basis for feasibility studies of gas storage in extra-heavy crude oil reservoirs in Venezuela and worldwide for the acquisition of experimental data and reservoir monitoring, which in turn would allow a successful implementation of this technology in a full-field scale.
Sustainable oil production and water management in the Eastern Venezuela Basin, where the largest world oil reserves are located, represents a great challenge. In the Orinoco Oil Belt or "La Faja Petrolífera Del Orinoco", the injection of polymer and surfactant (SP) has been envisioned as a strategy to control water mobility/viscous instabilities and mobilize residual oil. The objective of this article is to evaluate the feasibility of SP injection in a reservoir of the Zuata Principal Field-Junín Block to increase oil production with current recovery factors of < 5%. For the evaluation of surfactant and polymer injections in the area Zuata Principal, a cluster with a simple horizontal well configuration was chosen for the injection and future monitoring of the CEOR process. Four coreflood tests have been performed in the selected area (crude oil 9°API and 4,500 cP at 50°C), both on Bentheimer outcrops and on a real reservoir rock (unconsolidated sandstone), at the reservoir temperature of 50°C, using polymer injection (HPAM3630S) and a tailored SP alkaline-free formulation to avoid operational problems such as the formation of complex emulsions and/or scales. The history matching of laboratory tests was carried out, and a development/optimization plan was proposed for the evaluated cluster considering different injection and production scenarios. History matching of experimental tests using polymer and surfactant as a mixture is discussed in detail in this article. High recoveries were observed after SP injection in secondary conditions, with final oil saturations of less than 10% at the core scale. The importance of recovery mechanisms such as mobility control, reduction of interfacial tension, wettability alteration, microemulsion effect, and possible ions exchange due to the low salinity of the injected brine is highlighted. Additionally, a development/optimization plan is presented for the evaluated cluster system considering different chemical concentrations, injection and production scenarios. This article shows the potential of the injection of surfactants and polymers to increase production of highly viscous crude oils from the Eastern Venezuela Basin, being the first case of SP pilot application in Venezuela. The need to carry out additional studies for the optimization of chemicals and type of polymer is indicated, as well as considering economic aspects (OPEX and CAPEX) and possible operational issues associated with mobility control, high chemical losses, fluid separation, emulsion formation, water treatment, among others.
This article presents a techno-environmental feasibility study of non-conventional steam generation through exothermic reactions with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in portable reactors, as a sustainable alternative to conventional steam generation methods in Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS), utilizing the Orinoco Oil Belt in Venezuela as a case study, characterized by vast reserves of highly viscous crude oil within unconventional reservoirs, where CSS is widely applied with remarkable success. Key factors for technological substitution are considered, particularly a significant number of promising CSS wells located in areas without readily available fuel gas and water supply infrastructure, as well as the need for more energy-efficient Improved/Enhanced Oil Recovery (IOR/EOR) methods with a lower carbon footprint. To evaluate the potential of non-conventional steam generation using H2O2 for CSS, a two-step approach was employed. First, a comprehensive review of the available state-of-the-art in H2O2-based steam generation technologies was conducted, providing context for the evaluation of a specific surface steam generation scheme utilizing a portable reactor. Subsequently, a comprehensive review of the chemical reactions underlying the exothermic decomposition reaction of H2O2 was conducted. Analytically, the requirements for H2O2 and the reagent were estimated for steam generation under typical Orinoco Oil Belt operational conditions (5000, 7500, and 10000 t/cycle), considering its ability to achieve 100% steam quality as a key advantage of this technology. Finally, a comparative analysis was performed between H2O2-based and conventional steam generation for CSS, including factors such as thermodynamic properties, energy efficiency, carbon footprint, design/operation requirements, and safety considerations. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of technological options for unconventional steam generation using H2O2. A promising near-term approach is a portable device where steam is generated through a controlled exothermic chemical reaction (catalyzed) using surface equipment. The generated steam would be injected downhole, similar to conventional CSS. A model of the governing chemical reaction was developed to estimate the required reactant quantities (stoichiometry) and predict both the conversion of H2O2 to steam and the reaction's temperature profile. The results suggest that H2O2-based steam generation offers a potentially more favorable energy balance compared to conventional methods, with greater energy efficiency and a reduced carbon footprint. However, for widespread adoption of this technology, the availability and cost of H2O2, along with the potential environmental impacts of large-scale H2O2 production and transportation, require careful considerations which is the subject of phase two of this project. This work offers valuable insights for evaluating the feasibility of replacing conventional steam generation with H2O2-based steam in IOR/EOR applications. By demonstrating the potential for improved energy balance, efficiency, and reduced carbon footprint, this work contributes significantly to the pursuit of more sustainable and environmentally friendly oil recovery methods. Upon wide implementation, this technology provides a significant step towards 2050 net-zero set objective.
