This article aims to analyze charismatic leadership to boost human potential in 21st-century organizations. Concepts and analyses of leadership, charisma, human potential, and other aspects related to the topic are presented through a rev w of traditional theories and contemporary approaches. To this end, the charismatic leadership present in organizations is investigated, while also considering its influence on human potential. Methodologically, the research is theoretical and documentary, with a bibliographic design. Authors such as Alc & aacute;zar (2020), Goleman (2014), Lussier and Ach & uacute;a (2014), Manzanilla (2024), among others, are consulted to characterize the most representative aspects of the subject under study. Among the most notable findings is the trend at the organizational level related to the need for more empowered and competitively oriented leaders, with a transformative vision, promoters of trust, with capacity and skills, and a favorable attitude towards interpersonal relationships. Innovative, empathetic leaders establish flexible strategies that enable the achievement of organizational goals. As a result of this article's reflection, the analysis provides insight into the organizational value of this type of charismatic leadership and its influence on fostering the human potential managed by organizations in the present century.
Sustainable oil production and water management in the Eastern Venezuela Basin, where the largest world oil reserves are located, represents a great challenge. In the Orinoco Oil Belt or "La Faja Petrolífera Del Orinoco", the injection of polymer and surfactant (SP) has been envisioned as a strategy to control water mobility/viscous instabilities and mobilize residual oil. The objective of this article is to evaluate the feasibility of SP injection in a reservoir of the Zuata Principal Field-Junín Block to increase oil production with current recovery factors of < 5%. For the evaluation of surfactant and polymer injections in the area Zuata Principal, a cluster with a simple horizontal well configuration was chosen for the injection and future monitoring of the CEOR process. Four coreflood tests have been performed in the selected area (crude oil 9°API and 4,500 cP at 50°C), both on Bentheimer outcrops and on a real reservoir rock (unconsolidated sandstone), at the reservoir temperature of 50°C, using polymer injection (HPAM3630S) and a tailored SP alkaline-free formulation to avoid operational problems such as the formation of complex emulsions and/or scales. The history matching of laboratory tests was carried out, and a development/optimization plan was proposed for the evaluated cluster considering different injection and production scenarios. History matching of experimental tests using polymer and surfactant as a mixture is discussed in detail in this article. High recoveries were observed after SP injection in secondary conditions, with final oil saturations of less than 10% at the core scale. The importance of recovery mechanisms such as mobility control, reduction of interfacial tension, wettability alteration, microemulsion effect, and possible ions exchange due to the low salinity of the injected brine is highlighted. Additionally, a development/optimization plan is presented for the evaluated cluster system considering different chemical concentrations, injection and production scenarios. This article shows the potential of the injection of surfactants and polymers to increase production of highly viscous crude oils from the Eastern Venezuela Basin, being the first case of SP pilot application in Venezuela. The need to carry out additional studies for the optimization of chemicals and type of polymer is indicated, as well as considering economic aspects (OPEX and CAPEX) and possible operational issues associated with mobility control, high chemical losses, fluid separation, emulsion formation, water treatment, among others.
This article presents a techno-environmental feasibility study of non-conventional steam generation through exothermic reactions with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in portable reactors, as a sustainable alternative to conventional steam generation methods in Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS), utilizing the Orinoco Oil Belt in Venezuela as a case study, characterized by vast reserves of highly viscous crude oil within unconventional reservoirs, where CSS is widely applied with remarkable success. Key factors for technological substitution are considered, particularly a significant number of promising CSS wells located in areas without readily available fuel gas and water supply infrastructure, as well as the need for more energy-efficient Improved/Enhanced Oil Recovery (IOR/EOR) methods with a lower carbon footprint. To evaluate the potential of non-conventional steam generation using H2O2 for CSS, a two-step approach was employed. First, a comprehensive review of the available state-of-the-art in H2O2-based steam generation technologies was conducted, providing context for the evaluation of a specific surface steam generation scheme utilizing a portable reactor. Subsequently, a comprehensive review of the chemical reactions underlying the exothermic decomposition reaction of H2O2 was conducted. Analytically, the requirements for H2O2 and the reagent were estimated for steam generation under typical Orinoco Oil Belt operational conditions (5000, 7500, and 10000 t/cycle), considering its ability to achieve 100% steam quality as a key advantage of this technology. Finally, a comparative analysis was performed between H2O2-based and conventional steam generation for CSS, including factors such as thermodynamic properties, energy efficiency, carbon footprint, design/operation requirements, and safety considerations. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of technological options for unconventional steam generation using H2O2. A promising near-term approach is a portable device where steam is generated through a controlled exothermic chemical reaction (catalyzed) using surface equipment. The generated steam would be injected downhole, similar to conventional CSS. A model of the governing chemical reaction was developed to estimate the required reactant quantities (stoichiometry) and predict both the conversion of H2O2 to steam and the reaction's temperature profile. The results suggest that H2O2-based steam generation offers a potentially more favorable energy balance compared to conventional methods, with greater energy efficiency and a reduced carbon footprint. However, for widespread adoption of this technology, the availability and cost of H2O2, along with the potential environmental impacts of large-scale H2O2 production and transportation, require careful considerations which is the subject of phase two of this project. This work offers valuable insights for evaluating the feasibility of replacing conventional steam generation with H2O2-based steam in IOR/EOR applications. By demonstrating the potential for improved energy balance, efficiency, and reduced carbon footprint, this work contributes significantly to the pursuit of more sustainable and environmentally friendly oil recovery methods. Upon wide implementation, this technology provides a significant step towards 2050 net-zero set objective.
Motivated by the need to increase oil production through the implementation of Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) in 54 non-thermal horizontal prospective wells within the Zuata Principal Field of Orinoco Oil Belt in Eastern Venezuela, this work undertakes a mechanical integrity evaluation of the "non-thermal type well" under various CSS scenarios in order to evaluate the tubular's design limits and identify failure points. Subsequently, a completion adequacy proposal is developed and evaluated to guarantee the well integrity. A representative well from the sample ("non-thermal type well") was selected for this study. Its current design was subjected to mechanical evaluation using a commercial simulation software under three thermal loads or CSS scenarios (with injection rates of 200 and 400 t/d for cumulative volumes of 5,000, 7,500 and 10,000 t/cycle, respectively). All scenarios considered the use of Vacuum Insulated Tubing (VIT). Additionally, a case study was run, incorporating a completion adequacy proposal aimed at guaranteeing that the design limits of all tubular elements within the well architecture were not exceeded. For the scenarios evaluated, tubular's temperature profiles were generated under CSS conditions. Analysis of temperature profiles revealed that for a fixed total injection volume, a higher injection rate translates to a more efficient process due to reduced heat transfer to the tubular elements. Therefore, a rate of 400 t/d, with 80% steam quality (550°F and 1,030 psig at injection wellhead) and 10,000 t/cycle was selected as the operational scheme. A comprehensive evaluation of the design limits of the tubulars was conducted to identify potential failure points, considering the analysis of axial compressive loads and the axial safety factor. It was determined that the critical elements exceeding the design limits are the 9-5/8″ production casing and the 9-5/8″×7″ production liner hanger. Considering the high probability of failure under the current design, an additional simulation scenario was run. This scenario considered completion adequacy by installing a tieback thermal packer to isolate the existing non-thermal liner hanger 9-5/8″×7″ and, finally, installing VIT string positioned 1500 feet away from the production casing shoe, in order to mitigate adverse effects on the latter. Under this final scenario, the design limits of the tubulars are not breached, ensuring well integrity. The mechanical integrity evaluation conducted on the "non-thermal type well" in the Zuata Principal Field of the Orinoco Oil Belt provides preliminary technical justification for extending CSS processes to non-thermal wells in the area, which have been previously limited to thermal wells.
